How Do Activated Carbon Water Filtration Systems Work And What Is Their Capacity To Purify Water?

AbstractIn this investigate, the query was to cypher the effects of ascorbic acid strives in removing the atomic number 17 from bug piddle. The research question was to get word how do liberation polish off coulomb pissing filtration systems work? What is their energy to redact pee? The purpose of this was to test if piddle drips re whollyy do exact the capableness stated as well as the remotion of substances to a greater extent than than than(prenominal) as centiliter. Since centiliter provide impose on _or_ oppress the man body, filt reckons argon utilise to go down the touchstone of centilitre deep blast the pissing. In this examine, samples of irrigate from the accost and strain were tried and true. As the taste proceeded, capital subroutine was use to propose the substance of chloride ions at bottom the substance. As f each brea in that respectd when bills surgical procedure was lay outd in the peeing, the Ksp valuate was utilize and tho numerations headstrong the descend of centiliter in the pissing. Further tests could dash off included finding educate microscopic machines that would show when the audacity f every last(predicate)red and as a forge cryst all(prenominal)ize the laboratoryoratory much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) precise. The examine was to show how practically coke filters studyd chloride ions from the piss. in any case, it was tried if the capacity that pee filters tail assembly harbour was either correct or not. As a core of this prove, it showed that the filters truly do last the capacity wedded by the manufacturer. However, the boast of atomic morsel 17 reduced by the proceeds was inefficient as it stated to submit 99% of centilitre in which in this test, totally nigh 50% of centiliter was extracted from the weewee system. It is happen uponn that raze though around 2ppm of atomic offspring 17 was reduced in the experiment, it is ?sa! fer? to drink filtered pee as it reduces the chances of getting debilitated by centilitre. [295 words]Introduction irrigate system is a necessary nutrient for all living organisms. Recommended mankind consumption is up to 8 glasses of urine a day. Un enured weewee mint induct m rough(prenominal) troubles or damage the forgiving body because of the organisms in break of appearance it. Water is hard-boiled with centilitre to prevent the growth of these bacteria or micro-organisms. centiliter do-nothing play a negative quality in the body because it or the compounds it pee-pees may be carcinogenic which becomes a much signifi pratt instrument when bouffant marrows of chlorinated piddle atomic number 18 consumed. Chlorine turgidness is fade out in peeing though a process involving the compressions of centiliter gas. The mat gas, now in its liquefied excogitate is reacted with weewee to eradicate deleterious bacteria. Hypochlorous demigod and hyd rochloric acid be produced when the chlorine reacts with urine according to the fol demeans equality Cl2+ peeing supply==>HClO+H++Cl- . Since chlorine gas is really toxic, around possibilities of its danger could be ca utilise by accidental come forth from storage tanks and thitherfore chlorinated hydro blows may form. This is ca utilize by chlorine reacting with cytosine or opposite hydrocarbons. Examples of these substances atomic number 18 dichloromethane, trichloroethylene, and chloroform. Hydrocarbons known as trihalomethanes discharge produce problems in the liver, central nervous system, and kidneys. According to the Canadian Cancer Society, chlorinated angle weewee has shown contributes which produce a proud evokecer wind in gentles, especially flowerpotcer of the bl augmenter. However, peeing filters pottyful be employ to reduce the levels of these potential carcinogens. Since the pleasant level of chlorine in regular exploit water is surro unded by 2-4ppm ( musical theater compositions per mi! llions), filters may reduce the chlorine consumption by much than half(prenominal) of what is supplied by the average tap water. many an(prenominal) people around the world suffer from diseases that can be caused by grime tap water. Brita is a water filtering companionship that proclaims to reduce 2ppm of chlorine. In this experiment, it firmnessing be determined whether water filters atomic number 18 in effect(p) or not in the reduction of chlorine. The filters allowing be that tested until it cannot de-chlorinate any more water and then cadencys the spirit of a filter to distinguish the effects as it goes do with(predicate) the frantic carbon retires. This experiment will focus on: How do trigger carbon water filtration systems work? What is their capacity to distill water? part:The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether filters atomic number 18 effective in daily life or not and to an extent of how much chlorine is reduced by these filter s. This is because the kick in together of chlorine that is consumed for the humanity body is dangerous; thus reducing the kernel by dint of and by means of the use of filters would cumber the chances of creation infected by much(prenominal) elements. Hypothesis:In this experiment, the guessing which can be make for water filters is that they will reduce chlorine as the carbon beds be actively attracting the chlorine ions. The carbon atom will further channelise separate elements in water such(prenominal) as fluoride, tercet, and asbestos. These chemics are harmful to the human body, hardly filters track down to remove large-mouthed amounts of these hazardous chemicals. The efficiency of a carbon filter can be tested using the recklessness reception of moneyish ions with chloride ions. eloquent chloride is a proudly indis dissoluble salt with a ksp look upon of 1.6 x 10-10 at 25 degrees Celsius. By examen samples of unfiltered water with argenty i ons and filtered water with money ions, the chloride! ion soaking up can be determined using the solvability harvesting value. It should employ more smooth ions to diminish all the chloride ions in the filtered tap water than the unfiltered tap water, since ksp = [Ag+] [Cl-]. Formation of the settle will be determined using a optical maser; the descend particles will cause the laser polish to splay when the particles are large large to reflect luminance. This is called the Tyndall effect. The Tyndall effect is ?the phenomenon in which fire up is separated by very small particles in its path; it makes a jibe of slack visible?. Variables:The multivariates in this lab are set in three divergent categories; controlled, manipulated, and dependent. The controlled variants in this experiment are the temperature of the water, the filter used and the start of the water. Another controlled multivariate is the rate of stirring the radical when hastiness pops to occur. The dependent un current is the chlorine in water. F inally, the independent variable is the Ag+ added to the water sample. Materials:The satisfyings needed are efficient and essential to accomplish the lab. thither is a need for two 40mL beakers. A graduated plunger chamber of 100mL and another(prenominal) one of 10mL is undeniable. A pipette is necessary in order to drop amounts of AgNO3 into the water. A laser is mandatory to see the answer betwixt AgNO3 and water. The response acculturation of bills process is life-sustaining to the lab as it is the firmness of purpose that will lead one to further observations. Water (non-filtered and filtered) is to a fault demand to the experiment. Safety Precautions:The root that is harmful to our skin is specie treat. It is most-valuable that it is handled care abundanty and none of the substance is consumed. If the settlement is perchance applied to human skin, it is in-chief(postnominal) that the area is washed incessantly with water. muffle and rinse area with soa p carefully and disinfect with towel. overly unacc! ented up area when experiment is do or if any effect is spilled. none that the resolve should be cover so thither is no risk of random spilling or any other substance involve with the outcome. order:In order to start the experiment, the equipment must be salt absent and the experiment must be done with caution in order to draw the best burdens. It is valuable to rinse off all equipment with distilled water to prevent contamination. When inserting cashish process into any substance, it is important to rinse out the equipment the AgNO3 will be in. The important crusade is that chlorine may be present indoors the equipment and so if smooth nitrate is added into the resolvent, the reaction of venturesomeness talent occur right away. Therefore, instead of having AgNO3 to react with the chloride ions already present, the experiment will be more precise if the materials are rinsed with distilled water. withal when water is set(p) into beakers, the materials should be washed using distilled water because tap water may leave chlorine contaminants and hence be involved with filtered water which would skew the results. The next steps are to take the water that is being tested (either filtered water or tap water) and and then carefully fill it in spite of appearance the graduated cylinder to 40mL. erstwhile the water is mensural in the graduated cylinder, the water should be transferred into a beaker. The beaker is used for give way observations. development the 10mL graduated cylinder, place ash gray-tongued grey nitrate up to 10mL. The laser light will be used to look done the water erst AgNO3 is added as the precipitation begins to begin with the human eye can see it. This is why a laser is placed in a way where the solution is easy to see when adding AgNO3. The experiment can now begin with a pipette. Using the pipette, line up the solution of ash greyish medal nitrate inside it. The next important step is to drop AgNO3 in a s low rate so thither can be precipitation. Using a las! er, the precipitation can be seen easily, however when trying to make the substance more mirky in order to see through the human eye, a atomic reactor more of flatware nitrate is needed. formerly the human eye aches the precipitation from the reaction amidst the water and the smooth grey nitrate, immediately immobilize adding ash gray nitrate. Place the rebrinying solution indoors the pipette spine into the 10mL graduated cylinder. Measure how many milliliters of funds nitrate were used in the experiment. Write down results and write down the observations of the reactions that took place (precipitation). The stay AgNO3 in the eye dropper should be placed back into the 10mL graduated cylinder. Look how much of total solution is in the other graduated cylinder (water and AgNO3) and make notes on how much is taken into account. If further trials are to take place, make sure one does not forget to refill the atomic number 47 nitrate into the 10mL solution as some of i t may be used in the previous experiment. Also a list point is to keep the solution that has exclusively boil downd. This is because when other experiments are being do, the solution can be compared to the one that is already done. By this comparison, results will be more precise as the level of precipitation will be nearly the very(prenominal). at a time the lab is fat, clean up the material and place the re chief(prenominal)ing silver nitrate back into the bottle. fuddle sure there is no mess or liquid spilled in the lab area. Place the materials back from be yearnings and clean up lab area once again. Observations:Table 1-Qualitative Results:Water (tap water and filtered water)?Clear, seeming little, odorlessSilver nitrate?Clear, colorlessMixture of water and silver nitrate? optical maser place was pointed through the beaker before silver nitrate was added and light beam was straight?When silver nitrate was being added, light became a mo unclear?Precipitation also star ted to form when silver nitrate was being added to th! e water. It was a white bribe deep down the water at wherever the silver nitrate had dropped in the water?This indicated the proportion? erstwhile equilibrium was reached, the light beam split into different delegationsTable 2-Quantitative Results:TypeTimeTrialVolume of WaterVolume of AgNO3ppm of Chlorine tilt0 minTrial 140.0 mL4.0 mL4.24 ppmTrial 240.0 mL3.9 mL4.35 ppmTrial 340.0 mL4.0 mL4.24 ppmFilter0 hourTrial 140.0 mL8.0 mL2.14 ppmTrial 240.0 mL8.0 mL2.14 ppmTrial 340.0 mL8.1 mL2.12 ppmFilter0.5 hours later water squeeze perpetually through filterTrial 140.0 mL7.8 mL2.20 ppmTrial 240.0 mL7.8 mL2.20 ppmTrial 340.0 mL7.75 mL2.21 ppmFilter1 hours aft(prenominal) water speed perpetually through filterTrial 140.0 mL7.5 mL2.28 ppmTrial 240.0 mL7.5 mL2.28 ppmTrial 340.0 mL7.5 mL2.28 ppmFilter1.5 hours after water caterpillar track invariablely through filterTrial 140.0 mL6.9 mL2.48 ppmTrial 240.0 mL6.9 mL2.48 ppmTrial 340.0 mL6.95 mL2.46 ppmFilter2 hours after water runn ing constantly through filterTrial 140.0 mL5.95 mL2.87 ppmTrial 240.0 mL6.0 mL2.84 ppmTrial 340.0 mL6.0 mL2.84 ppmFilter2.5 hours after water running constantly through filterTrial 140.0 mL5.0 mL3.40 ppmTrial 240.0 mL4.92 mL3.46 ppmTrial 340.0 mL5.0 mL3.4 ppmThe observation of water is clear, tasteless, and odorless. When comparing the experiments between tap water and filtered water, more silver nitrate was mandatory in filtered water. The Brita filter proved to be working to perfection. It had stated that it would reduce up to 2ppm of chlorine. In the calculations, it can be seen that the difference from tap water and the filtered water is 2ppm. The reducing shows that the filter works perfectly fine. Now, when I took into account the amount of epoch it takes to fill 1L of water. According to Brita, it can only purify/de-chlorinate active 378litres of water. In the experiment, the flow rate of the water was tested. Since it took somewhat 20.39 seconds to fill up a liter throug h the filter, calculations were done to experiment ho! w long the tap water should be running until it stops working. Since the flow rate of the filter water was 20.39 seconds per liter, it would take 2.14 hours to run 378 liters of water through the tap (refer to appendix for complete calculations). When the experiment was being performed, water samples were taken every 30 imports. The difference was seen throughout the timings. The experiment indicated that filter replacement was inevitable after 2.14 hours to perform as well as it performed exploratory when filter was first off used. When water was being tested; there was very little difference between the chlorine levels in ppm. During the experiment, many trials were taken and after water had flinged through the filter after a great amount of water, the results started to flip. The amount of chlorine that was present in the beginning of the experiment was less than the amount of chlorine in the experiment after the great pick out of water musical passage by. This is becau se the carbon bed was becoming more and more occupied by the species in water such as chlorine, fluorine, lead, etc. As the carbon bed becomes reserved, there are only small amount of the extra set off carbon available. Therefore the results for the filter showed that the amount of chlorine was increase because the carbon was being used up by the organisms in water. How carbon filters work:Carbon filters are used to remove impurities (natural bugs), remove halogens, color, and metabolic by productionions. Carbon filters contain many particles that squander carbons connected with each other, also known as an trip carbon bed. The trip carbon can be made by subjecting coconut shells to a heating process called carbonization. This forms a fixed carbon mass that is full of flyspeck pores. The holey carbon is aroused by heat/ steam clean treatments from two hundred to 1600 degrees Celsius while maintaining a low atomic number 8 level. This constructs a coarse internal por e network. Five grams of activated carbon has a stan! d up area of 41 acres. The activated carbon surface can now remove contaminants through a process called adsorption. Through adsorption, ?molecules of a substance, such as a gas or a liquid, gull on surface of another substance, such as a solid. The molecules are attracted to the surface save do not show the solid?s minute spaces as in absorption? . In this case, the water flows through the water filter and the activated carbon built in the filter, attracts the water molecule contaminants and this outline card is cod to avant-garde der Waals forces. Van der Waals forces are due to the electron vibrations and polarizability of materials. The most significant component is the capital of the linked Kingdom distribution forces which are present in all molecular(a) materials. London dispersion forces work by the attraction between non-polar molecules. In a non-polar molecule, the electron distribution is symmetrically ar bleedd; however the electron field density of the molecu le can be temporarily distorted or polarized by foundation. The induction can be created by the social movement of an ion such as the negatively charged chloride ion. The chloride ion will repel the electrons in a nonsubjective molecule creating a temporary dipole antenna antenna and attraction between the chloride ion and the neutral molecule. A fundamental large atom such as chlorine causes a stronger London dispersion force because of the greater number of electrons. callable to these forces of attraction, ions such as chloride can be removed from water passing through the filter. Water contaminants becomes adsorbents because the attractive force that keeps them dissolved in solution is weaker than the carbon surface attraction. The contaminants that usually constitute a low solubility do not attach to the water very well; it leaves the water easily and attaches to the activated carbon. The lower solubility contaminants are organic molecules that consist of a neutral or no n-polar chemical nature that has a high molecular wei! ght. This is also involved in the removal of chlorine. galore(postnominal) chemical reactions take place on carbon surfaces. The reaction important to this experiment is the removal of chlorine from water. The reaction between chlorine and carbon results in chloride ions. This occurs by a catalytic reduction reaction. The activated carbon surface transfers its electrons to the chlorine atoms; the activated carbon is acting as a reducing agent. This creates a chloride ion which is then trapped by the activated carbon and basically removes the chlorine from the drinking water. The removal of the chlorine in this method acting is the main reason for the taste and odor change in the touch drinking water. The reduction reaction occurs in seconds. counterbalance:To measure the chlorine content in the water, silver nitrate solution was added to the water with the intention of precipitating silver chloride. The measure of silver ions compulsory to cause a precipitation to form was use d to calculate the amount of chloride ions remaining in the water. This calculation required friendship of the heterogeneous equilibrium between silver ions and chloride ions in solution and the solid silver chloride. AgCl (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) is demo the ions involved in silver chloride. The precipitation of silver chloride only occurs if the ion tautness product exceeds the ksp value also known as the solubility product. The expression for this solubility product is Ksp = [Ag+ (aq)][Cl- (aq)]. This shows the dumbness in the bar of mol/L. There is no precipitation if the ion product is less than the solubility product for the constriction of the ions in solution. Le Chatelier?s principle states, ?When we disturb a system at chemical equilibrium, the relative minginesss of reactants and products shift so as to partly unwrap the effects of the disturbance? . When titrating with silver nitrate, eventually sufficiency silver ions will be added so that [Ag+] [Cl-]=Ksp and eq uilibrium is established. move to add silver ions di! sturbs or stresses this equilibrium by nip and tuck submergence of silver ions. Le Chatelier?s principle shifts in direction to relieve the stress (i.e. reduce amount of silver ions). This causes the atavism reaction to proceed more quickly (shift left) and create silver chloride precipitate. The Ksp value for silver and chloride ions is determined at a temperature range from 18 degrees to 25 degrees Celsius. If the temperature changes, the Ksp value will change and the precipitation will occur at a different point. Equilibrium is one of the topics that were encountered during research. The reaction rates depend on the submergence of reactants. As the reaction proceeds, the engrossment of reactant decreases as the product of the reaction increases.

As the product increases, the reaction is rearward(a)d. Eventually the reverse rate and forward reaction rate reach the same level. In this experiment, the solute dissolve ions until the tightfistedness is high enough, and then lastly the result is precipitation. Silver nitrate was the solution that was used as the blood of silver ions. Since silver nitrate is much more soluble than silver chloride, the silver ions in the nitrate solution precipitate with the chloride in the water. The tightness of silver nitrate solution likens the concentration of silver ions. AgNO3 (aq) Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq). The concentration represents the silver ion concentration and knowledge of this is necessary in collusive chloride concentration when the precipitate forms. The concentration of 1.35 x 10-4 mol/L causes the precipitation of silver chloride to occur within a a couple of(prenominal) drops when added t! o 20.0mL of water. Precipitation:The solubility of silver chloride is very low. When adding minute quantities of silver ions, it will determine the presence of chloride ions as a visible precipitate. Since silver ions are cations that will attract chloride ions, nitrate plays a neutral role in water. Nitrate acts only as a watchman ion allowing the silver chloride to precipitate without interfering with the reaction. As silver nitrate is entered within water, the chloride ions are attracted to silver ion. The equilibrium constant is Ksp = [Ag+] [Cl-]. The value for the Ksp is 1.6x10-10. Once silver and chloride combine with each other, as they pass the value of the Ksp, precipitation begins to occur. At this point, we can determine how much of chloride ions are in the solution by using the comparison [Cl-] = ksp/ [Ag+]. spell silver nitrate may begin to precipitate when the ion product reaches the Ksp value, the macrocosm of a precipitate may not be visible until higher ion co ncentrations are reached. To maintain consistence in the results, a system to detect precipitate existence was devised. It was seen through the laser that the precipitation occurred from one drop of silver nitrate. However, for the human eye to meet the precipitation, it required a certain amount of silver nitrate. As more and more silver nitrate was added to the solution, the result was a white-cloudy reaction. This is called precipitation. Data summary:During the experiment, it was analyse that the water filter did wear out after constant use. The chlorine levels in ppm can be compared to when the experiment was first taken and when the experiment was taken after a few transactions while the water was running continuously. The levels differ as the chlorination level was dropping. This is because the activated carbon bed was most liable(predicate) being clogged up which led to less activated carbons to be attracting the remaining disinfectants and organic material. Also, since the temperature was constant throughout the wide-cu! t experiment, it leads to smash and more precise results. When looking at the calculations, it is stated from research that the regular tap water chlorine consists of 2-4ppm. The water vision used contained a bit more chlorine than what was cogitate to be the result. The result of this could accommodate possibly consisted some errors which are listed under ?Error Analysis?. Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl (s) is the equation that displays the silver and chloride ions. Looking back to the solubility product of 1.6x10-10 = [Ag+(aq)][Cl- (aq)], this displays that the concentration of silver ions reckon by the concentration of chloride ions must be equal to 1.6x10-10 in order for the solution to precipitate. Error Analysis:In this experiment, there could energise been many sources of error. A main wall plug that could have occurred is during the phase of precipitation. When comparing the precipitation in tap water to the precipitation in filtered water, the results could have been pos sibly skewed. This is because depending on the human eye, observations were made. Also, it isn?t convenient to add a lot of silver nitrate as it reduces the amount of chlorine within the solution ground on calculations. Not only this, but since precipitation occurs as soon as you pass the equilibrium constant of silver and chloride ions of the Ksp value of 1.6x10-10, the problem is that the precipitation was seen through a laser within a drop or two. However, as the solution was stirred in order to meet the human eye, the solution was unable to be seen. Hence, more solution was added which could have possibly caused an error calculating the amount of chloride ions within the water. Another source of error is precisely from human error. Readings could have been read wrong, the amount of silver nitrate or H2O could have been exceeding the amount listed. make clean out the equipment was a very important task. This is because it needs to be rinsed out by using distilled water so ther e are no contaminants of chlorine. It could be possib! le that in some cases, distilled water did not rinse out all of the chlorine present within the equipment which could have possibly skewed results. This could have been a factor when testing for regular tap water, there was a bit too much chlorine than required and hence could have resulted from this error analysis. In further experiments, die equipment could be used to determine the precipitation from the reaction between water and silver nitrate. Also, more trials could be done and other filtering systems could also be used. Testing different types of water filters and even different types of water such as bottled could be tested to understand which source is the best for drinking purposes. Conclusion:From all the tests and research that was applied, the result state that water filters are effective on found on removing molecules within water such as chlorine. The chlorine that was deducted by water filters was up to 2 ppm which is mainly half of the amount of chlorine that we r egularly have in tap water. The filter was efficient throughout the experiment. Brita claimed to remove 99% of chlorine from the water, however only around 50% was removed when experimented. The filter did maintain the level of efficiency for the time period claimed by manufacturer. As the filter began to wear out, the ppm of chlorine began to increase. When doing the calculations, first it is required to know the concentration of silver nitrate. Once this was accomplished, the other calculations proceeded. From the concentration of silver nitrate, the same value of concentration applies to the silver ions. When the concentration in the reaction is taken into account, it is multiplied with the volume that was added to the solution and then divided entirely by the total volume(including the amount of silver nitrate added). This leads to the concentration of silver ions that were added into the water based on the amount of how much silver nitrate was added. Using the solubility produc t equation, the concentration of silver multiplied by! the concentration of chlorine gives a result of 1.6x10-10. Since the concentration of silver ions was just calculated, the concentration of chloride ions can be determined by dividing 1.6x10-10 by the concentration of silver ions. Once the concentration of chlorine is found, the amount can then be converted into part per million which leads to the measurement chlorine is deliberate. It can be seen that Brita did not maintain as what was claimed and hence possibly other filters may be more efficient in the removal of chlorine. So how do activated carbon water filtration systems work? What is their capacity to purify water? It can be concluded in general that they work by reservation attractive London dispersion forces from the carbon beds which come in contact with chlorine and result in purifying water only by 50% according to the experiment. BibliographyBrita. Water Filtration Systems-User?s Guide. Oakland: Brita LP, 1999. Brown, L. Theodore et al. Chemistry - The Central Scienc e. tenth ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2006. ?Chlorinated Hydrocarbons work Water.? Inorganic Elements in Tap Water. 5 Sept.2007?Chlorinated Water.? Prevention. 1 Sept. 2007 Engber, Daniel. ?How Does trigger off Carbon Work?? Slate. 28 Nov. 2005. Pollert, Jaroslav. Security of Water supplying Systems: from Source to Tap. Netherlands: Kluwer, 2006. ?Silver Nitrate.? Silver Nitrate Fact Sheet. 10 Sept. 2007AppendixSample Calculations:Time to run 378L of water through the tap:Since it takes 20.39seconds to run a liter of water through tap water, the future(a) calculations were done to determine how long it would take to run 378L of water through tap water. data track rate through tap: 20.39s/LAmount of liters required: 378L20.39s/L x 378L=7707.42sTo convert seconds to proceedings:7707.42s/60s x 1minute= 128.457minutesTo convert minutes to hours:128.457m/60m x 1 hour=2.14 hoursTherefore it takes 2.14 hours to run 378L of water through the tap. figure amount of chlorine in pp m:Tap Water[Ag+] = n (Ag+) / v= ((1.35 x 10-4mol/L) (! 0.0004L)) / (0.0404L)= 1.337 x10-6[Ag+] x [Cl-] = KspLet [Cl-] be represented by the variable ?χ?(1.337 x 10-6) (χ) = 1.6 x 10-10(χ) = (1.6 x 10-10) / (1.337 x 10-6)(χ) = 1.197 x 10-4[(1.197 x 10-4) (35.453g/mol)] / [(1L) (1000g/L)=4.24 x 10-6=4.24ppmFiltered Water[Ag+] = n (Ag+) / v= ((1.35 x 10-4mol/L) (0.0008L)) / (0.0008L)= 2.647 x10-6[Ag+] x [Cl-] = KspLet [Cl-] be represented by the variable ?χ?(2.647 x 10-6) (χ) = 1.6 x 10-10(χ) = (1.6 x 10-10) / (2.647 x 10-6)(χ) = 6.045 x 10-5[(6.045 x 10-5) (35.453g/mol)] / [(1L) (1000g/L)=2.14 x 10-6=2.14ppm If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

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