Report on setting up a mcdonalds franchise in UK

Report on setting up a mcdonalds license in UKMcDonalds has been proved as fortunate business done the globe for quite some time now. This piece aims at exploring the business authorization in setting up a McDonald franchise by researching into its franchise structure. It gives information about the terms and conditions for becoming the McDonalds franchise along with the brief history of its business. It focuses on the strength and weakness of the business and discusses the macro instruction environmental factors that may affect the franchise business. I had further focused on any problem that may arise during the functioning of the franchise and performed a VRIO analysis to check the sustainability of the business. The report end with a brief conclusion about the entire report suggestion whether it is beneficial to go ahead with the project. designThe loyal sustenance business is fast growing business in the UK and when talking about fast food most often the prototypical ra ise comes to the mind is the McDonalds. It has been a genuinely successful business in its category for a long time now. This report discusses about setting up a franchise of McDonalds in UK and the pro and cons of owning a McDonald franchise. McDonalds has been making profits and is growing even in the current scotch downturn. The figure below shows the development of McDonald over the last year.Figure McDonalds Historical stock chart (advfn.com, 2010)The above figure shows clear growth of the conjunction selected to invest in getting franchise for. The growth also triggered an interest in researching for getting an franchise for McDonald and get good returns on the investment.This section is divided in to two where the first give a brief account of McDonalds business history while the later discusses the terms and condition for setting up a franchise. The data collection is majorly done from the McDonalds sustain and associate websites. The later sections discuss the SWOT an alysis and the VRIO and finally the report concludes with conclusion and recommendations.McDonalds brief historyMcDonalds was started by the Dick and Mac McDonald in 1940 in San Bernandino in California. It was a typical drive-in featuring a large menu and car hop services. It started as a barbeque eatery but in 1948 the actual McDonalds was launched when McDonald br new(prenominal)s shut their restaurant for alterations. The menu was reduced to nine items and staple of the menu was the 15 cent hamburger. Within a year the potato chips were replaced by the world famous French fries. Through its history McDonalds kept on evolving and capturing the expectations of its clients. In 1954 a multi-mixer salesman Ray Kroc met Mc brother to sell his mixers but was spell-bound by the movements. The following year in 1955 he opened the first franchise of McDonalds in Des Plaines, Illinois and by 1965 there were over 700 McDonalds restaurant through out United States. In 1958 McDonalds sold i ts 100 millionth hamburger and by 1959 the 100th McDonald restaurant was opened. In 1965 McDonald celebrated its 10th anniversary with its first public stock offering at $22.5 per sh be. 1966 saw the first TV commercial of McDonald featuring Ronald McDonald who became an instant hit. In 1967 first McDonald restaurant opened in Canada and Puerto anti-racketeering law and at present it is having its presence in 118 countries. Over time McDonald kept launching products that gain individual brand images like the Big Mac, quarter pounder and happy meal. The first McDonalds restaurant in Britain opened in Woolwich, south-east London, in 1974 (mcspotlight.org, 2010). In 1978 5000th restaurant was opened in Japan and two age later it celebrated its 25th anniversary. In 1996 McDonald went online as its internet site macdonald.com was launched. McDonald has been evolving rapid in terms of product, technology and organisational strength over the years.McDonald Franchise operationThe fast foo d industry has grown many folds in recent years with many new international and local chains competing with each other. operational a fast food restaurant has many factors to be considered right from its competitors to the demographics and socio- cultural factors concerning its customers. In case of McDonalds the big brand name and massive publicize may help running the franchise but the most important is obtaining a franchise license. McDonalds people are very concerned about their customers and thus very careful about whom they choose to serve their customers. The financial terms and conditions involving a McDonald franchise are as followsThe typical cost for owning a McDonalds restaurant ranges from 125,000 to 325,000. The investor are necessary to provide at least 25% of the value as unencumbered funds, the remaining 75% kindle be funded through a bank loan with favourable funding terms (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010).thithers also a one-off franchise fee of 30,000 and a training d eposit of 5,000 which is refunded when you complete your training (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010).There are also ongoing fees. These include Monthly rent on the premises, based on sales and profitability (usually ranging from 10% to 15%) Service fee for use of the McDonalds system 5% of sales Contribution to the national marketing spend, currently 4.5% (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010).And the returns?Cashflow (before debt repayment) typically ranges from 95,000 to 200,000 per year for each restaurant but this isnt guaranteed it could be more, it could be less (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010).Apart from the above terms and conditions the common questions arise about the benefit the investors get. The investors get equipment and license to operate from a location for a mark term and investors buy the profitability of the business. The McDonalds management expect its franchise owners to actively participate in the daily business of the restaurant and the franchise owners are non allowed to sell their owners hip to other person without the managements permission.SWOT Analysis of McDonaldsMcDonalds has been a successfully evolving business since 1955 and almost half of the assoil corporate staff employees started as a restaurant level employee. Fortune Magazine 2005 listed McDonalds as the Best Place to Work for Minorities.(McDonalds fact sheet, 2007) The franchise owners and their staff are also required to undergo training in McDonalds. Moreover it invests around a billion USD in training its staff every year.StrengthsMcDonalds was ranked number one in Fortune Magazines 2008 list of most admired food service companies.One of the worlds most recognizable logos (the Golden Arches) and spokes character (Ronald McDonald the clown). Attractive McDonalds packaging are so popular among the children that according to the Packard Childrens Hospitals Centre research concluded that children age 3 to 5 prefer food given in McDonald packaging over the food without packaging.McDonalds have ons a h igh corporate social responsibility value. They own Ronald McDonald House facilities providing very low cost room and board, food and sibling computer backup for families with children needing extensive hospital care.They also sponsor Olympic athletes and local teams.It is global company that operates more than 23,500 restaurants in 118 countries. Their diversified presence gives them the ability to withstand economic fluctuations which are localized by sphere.They are very good in adapting to local cultural appeal and requirements. For example, they dont sell beef products in India and facilitate breach entranceto male and females in Middle East, as swell up serving Halal meat in Muslim dominated regions in UK as well.They are globally present in all major airports, and cities, along the highways, tourist locations, theme parks and inside shopping mall. Locations are selected with careful consideration and selecting the busiest locations possible.They have an efficient, concou rse line style of food preparation. In addition they have a systemization and duplication of all their food prep processes in every restaurant (marketingteacher.com, 2010).McDonalds ensures unmitigated compliance with the food quality used in its restaurants and invest producing fresh farm products.The external products used by McDonalds like cheese, yogurt, mayo etc are from top brands who ensure strict quality measures like Kraft Cheese, Nestle Chocolate, Dasani Water, Newmans Own Salad Dressings, Heinz Ketchup, Minute Maid Juice.McDonalds pioneered the provision of printed nutrition fact of its products on its packages. McDonalds offers salads, fruit, roasted chicken, bottled irrigate and other low fat and calorie conscious alternatives.McDonalds has grown into a very big and trustworthy brand worldwide and especially in UK and US so opening a franchise in UK comes with the added advantage of the brand name which help getting the customers easily.McDonalds invests a large amoun t in advertisement in print and motion media thus making life easier for its franchise.WeaknessesMcDonalds venture into pizza making failed badly affecting their ability to compete with fast food pizza chains.They have yet to capitalize on the trend towards organic foods.McDonalds have problems with fluctuations in operating and net profits which ultimately impact investor relations.From the survey of franchisee the problem they have to face is that they cannot use their owned property to run a franchise if it nota site of interest to McDonalds. In that case they have to bear an additional sum for renting place offered by McDonalds.OpportunitiesThe current UK generation is more attracted towards healty or low calorie food thus McDonalds has a very good chance introduce healthy or low calorie hamburgers.Provide optional allergen free food items, such as gluten free and earthnut free.It has a great scope in introduce hot beverages along with healthy breakfast option helping it comp ete with coffee shops and other fast food restaurants.ThreatsTheir marketing to children often attracts criticism from parent advocate groups questioning their ethics.In Britain, McDonalds has infamously registered itself in to the record books for fighting the longest-ever libel suit in the country (mcspotlight.org, 2010).High food safety standards need to be maintained even a small contamination issue can land them in trouble.The other threats are from major international fast food restaurant chains like KFC, Burger King and Subway etc.Apart from the big names it faces potential threat from the local fried chicken chains.In order to decide on investing in the franchise a VRIO analysis of McDonald is done in the next section to test the sustainability of the venture.VRIO Analysis for McDonald franchise in UKVRIO stands for Value, rarity, Imitability and organisational endorse where Value is the firm ability to neutralise external threats using resources and capabilities. Rarity is suppress if resources in the hands of few while imitability is the hard-foughty to imitate in any way.Value Mc Donald hold a high value in accordance to its brand image and exploitation of the available resources which had helped it evolved successfully for more than five decades.Rarity The utility of the resource may be franchise oriented and spread through its breadth but the main control still remains in the hands of the top 50 management authorities. The franchisee has to follow the company rules strict to run a franchise of McDonalds.Imitability McDonald may not be difficult to imitate in aspect of the product but its functionality is very difficult to achieve.Organisation support McDonalds is always ready to exploit new resource and evolve and the organisation structure is well organised and provides a good support to its franchise operations.ValueRarityImitabilityOrganizationCompetitive implicationsNetwork infrastructureYesYesNoYesTemporary competitive advantageDiversified revenue baseYesYesNoYesTemporary competitive advantageLeading market positionYesYesYesYesSustained competitive advantageThe VRIO framework of McDonaldsLooking at the above VRIO frame it can be said that McDonald has a sustainable competitive advantage and thus it seem to be vice decision to invest in the project.ConclusionThe report deals with the franchise operation of McDonald and UK was selected as the location for the franchise. UK was selected on basis of the brand image and success of the franchise network of McDonalds. It has a very good customer base in UK which are very loyal as well. McDonald has good organisational support to its franchise in terms of training and publicity. It also operates a alter recruitment drive which helps the franchise to get desired employees without having a headache to hunt for them. The SWOT analysis reveals a large number of strengths as well good opportunities to work on thus large scope to increase profitability. The VRIO analysis also ind icates a competitive sustainability thus it is recommended to invest in the project.

Shape Memory Alloys Research

Shape retentivity Alloys Research1.1 General considerationsWhen a fixing metallic alloy is subjected to an external force greater than its elastic limit, it deforms plastically, i.e. the deformation persists after returning to the unloaded earth. The Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) do not note this behavior. At low temperatures, an SMA specimen may down the stairsgo a plastic deformation of about few percent, and then fully recover its initial exploit that had at higher temperature by simple heating above a threshold temperature. Their ability to recover their form when the temperature is raised, makes this class of materials unique. This phenomenon has been discovered in 1938 by researchers working on the gold-cadmium alloys Gilbertson (1994). The spirt retentivity accomplishment remained a laboratory curiosity until 1963, when the first industrial and medical applications appe ard.1.2 Martensitic TransformationThe learn reminiscence effect is based on the existence of a rever sible manakin innovation of thermoelastic martensitic type Kurdjumov, Khandros (1949), Kumar, Lagoudas (2008), between a microstructural state at high temperature (austenite flesh) and a microstructural state at low temperature (martensite phase) Patoor et al. (2006), Lagoudas et al. (2006). Austenite has in general a cubic crystal lattice, while martensite is of tetragonal, monoclinic, or orthorhombic crystal lattice. The displacement from one crystal lattice to the separate occurs by distortion of the shear lattice does and not by atoms diffusion. This type of transformation is called martensitic transformation Perkins (1975), Funakubo (1987), Otsuka, Wayman (1999). In reality, the matrenitic transformation in SMAs is a phase transformation of the first array, where there is co-existence of several phases, and there is presence of interfaces between the phases Gunin (1986).Historically, the term martensitic transformation describes the transformation of the austenite of stee ls (iron-carbon alloys) to martensite during a quenching. By extension, this term has been generalized to a humongous number of alloys whose phase transformations have certain characteristics typical of the transformation of steels Rosa (2013).During martensitic transformation of a SMA, the crystal lattice of the material sorts its watch. The microstructure of martensite is characterized by a change in shape and by the difference in volume, which exists between matrensitic and austenitic phase Duerig et al. (1990). Therefore, internal strains arise during the emergence of martensitic argonas within the austenite. The internal strains evoke be part relaxed by the formation of several areas of self-accommodated martensite crystals that minimize the overall deformation induced. These areas called variants and are oriented in different crystallographic directions Kumar (2008).In the absence of external strains, these variants are as possible and the distribution of self-accommodat ed groups allows the material to be transformed in order to retain its original shape. Therefore, the formation of the martensite results in elastic (reversible) deformations Funakubo (1987). At constant quantity temperature, the martensite-austenite interfaces are in steady state. A change in temperature in one direction or the other results in moving these interfaces to the benefit of one or the other phase structure. The interfaces can also move under the action of an imposed strain. A specimen can therefore be distorted not by sliding, which is the usual mechanism of plastic deformation, but by the appearance and disappearance of martensite variants Kumar (2008).Therefore, during martensitic transformation atoms in the structure move on very excellent distances leading to deformation of the crystal lattice. This causes a small variation in volume with shearing of the structure in a specific direction. During the transformation process, the offset of martensite crystals occur i n form of platelets to minimize the energy at the interface.The martensitic variants can occur in two different types twinned martensite (formed by combination of self-accommodated martensite variants) and detwinned martensite (reoriented martensite) where a particular variant dominates Liu, Xie (2007). The characteristic behavior of SMAs is based upon the reversible phase transformation from austenitic phase to martensitic phase and the opposite. By cooling under adjust loading, the crystal sructure changes from austenitic to martensitic phase (forward transformation to twinned martensitic phase). This transformation is resulting in the development of a number of martensitic variants, which are arranged in a route that the average change in macroscopic shape is insignificant, causing a twinned martensite Leclercq, Lexcellent (1996). When the material is heated at the martensite phase, the crystal structure is transforming to austenite (reverse transformation from detwinned marten sitic to austenitic phase), leading to retrieval of shape Saburi, Nenno (1981), Shimizu, Otsuka, Perkins (1975). The above process is called Shape Memory Effect (SME) Schetky (1979), Wayman, Harrison (1989).The martensitic transformation is characterized by four temperatures ( puzzle out 2) Gotthard, Lehnert (2001)MS Temperature infra which the martensite appears (martensite start)MF Temperature below which the entire sample is transformed into martensite (martensite finish)AS Temperature above which the austenite appears (austenite start)AF Temperature above which the entire sample is transformed into austenite (austenite finish)The transformation begins at the cooling to the temperature MS. This transformation is completed to the temperature MF. among these two temperatures, there is coexistence of two phases, which is a characteristic of transformation of the first order. If the cooling is interrupted, the material will not change. To go back to the initial shape, the temperatu re is increases so that the inverse transformation begins at the temperature AS and finishes to temperature AF, which is higher than MS Massalski et al. (1990). If the trace on a diagram ( get into 1) the volume fraction of material processed as a function of temperature, there is a hysteresis loop, due to the presence of an irreversible energy corresponding to dissipation of mechanical energy transformed into heat Ortin, Planes, Delaey (2006), Wei,Yang (1988).Figure 1 Martensitic transformation temperatures Gotthard, Lehnert (2001)The thermoelastic reversibility of the crystal lattice is certain in the case of an ordered alloy Otsuka, Shimizu (1977). The correlation between the manifestation of martensitic transformation and atomic order was shown experimentally in Fe-Pt SMAs Dunne, Wayman (1973). Nevertheless, in disordered alloys, such as Fe-Pd, Mn-Cu and In-TI, can occur thermoelastic transformation too. The atomic order is, therefore, a sufficient condition for manifestation o f thermoelastic transformation, but not necessary Otsuka, Shimizu (1977).1.3 Thermomechanical properties of SMAsSeveral set up specific to the SMAs appear through the transformations of the crystal lattice as a function of temperature and of the field of stresses utilise on the material Duerig, Melton, Stckel (2013).1.3.1 Pseudoelastic EffectIn general, by pseudoelasticity we describe both the materials superelastic behavior, as wellhead as rubble-like behavior. Superelastic behavior is called the reversible phase transformation produced by thermo-mechanical loading. Rubber-like effect refers to the reversible martensitic re-orientation. The stress-strain curve during this process resamples to the superelastic behavior, which is similar to rubbers nonlinear elastic behavior Otsuka, Wayman (1999).Therefore, a part from inducing phase transformation thermally, martensitic transformation can also be prompt by applying on the material appropriately high mechanical loading, resulting in creating a martensitic phase from austenite. When the temperature of the SMA goes above AF, shape recovery is resulted while unloading. Such behavior of the material is termed pseudoelastic effect Kumar (2008).Stress-induced martensite, is generally forming from austenite when external stress is present. The process of forming stress-induced martensite can occur through different thermomechanical loading routes Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986). superstar form of stress-induced martensite is the detwinned martensitic phase formed from austenitic after application of external stress. The material, during the stress-induced martensitic transformation and the reversed process, shows nonlinear elastic behavior described by unkindly - curves. This nonlinear elastic behavior is called pseudoelastic transformation Otsuka, K. and K. Shimizu (1981). The shape recovery is due to crystallographic reversibility of transformation, like in the shape repositing effect. Hence, the two phenomena, trans formation pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect are practically the same except the fact that reverse transformation is produced by warming the specimen to temperature above AF. In reality, an alloy that undergoes thermoelastic martensitic transformation exhibits both transformation pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect Otsuka, K. and K. Shimizu (1981).Nevertheless, for occurring transformation pseudoelasticity, the necessary stress for slip should be greater than that for stress-induced martensite transformation. As an example, we can refer to equiatomic Ti-Ni alloys which are exposed to slip and do not exhibit any transformation pseudoelasticity, regardless of their Ni content. It was shown, however, that Ni-rich Ti-Ni alloys subjected to annealing after cold working, causing refining of their particle size, leads in raising critical slip stress, which results in any transformation pseudoelasticity Miyazaki et al. (1982), Saburi, Tatsumi, Nenno (1982), Saburi, Yoshida, Nenn o (1984). The existence of transformation pseudoelasticity is affected by crystalline orientation, root of the alloy, and direction of utilise stresses Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986).1.3.2 One-Way Shape Memory EffectAnother property of SMAs is the one-way shape memory effect. It takes place in four steps(1) The material is cooled to a temperature lower than MF (the parent austenitic phase) to obtain self-accommodated martensite.(2) Re-orientation of variants of the martensite is obtained via application of stress.(3) The stress is released at constant temperature T F. The material remains to a shape depending on the stress field.(4) The sample is heated at a temperature T AF making re-appear the austenitic phase and the material gets its original shape, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2 One-way shape memory effect Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986)Two conditions are necessary for occurring shape recovery by shape memory effect. Firstly, the transformation should be reversible, and second, slip should not occur during the entire deformation process. Martensitic transformations in ordered alloys are reversible in nature Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986), Arbuzova, Khandros (1964), so the entire shape memory effect mainly occurs in this type of alloys. The second condition is necessary because in the case of high stress and every type of deformation climate (stress-induced martensitic transformation in parent phase, twinning in the martensitic phase) slip can be induced, resulting in plastic strain and, not completed recovery of shape.In the one-way shape memory effect, the shape in memory by the SMA is the one of the parent phase.1.3.3 Two-Way Shape Memory EffectThe two-part shape memory effect is the reversible passage of a shape at a high temperature to another shape at low temperature under stress.The two-way shape memory effect should precede the SMA knowledge Nagasawa, et al. (1974. Training of SMAs consists of temperature cycling at constant stress or stress cycling at constant tem perature. During training, microstructural defects (i.e. dislocations) lead to internal stresses and therefore promote oriented martensite. A SMA subjected to training can then move from austenitic phase to oriented martensite under set load by simple change of temperature Schroeder, Wayman (1977). It has then a shape in memory for each of the two phases.Various methods that cause two-way shape memory effect have been suggested, such as, large deformation in stress-induced martensite transformation at temperatures MS Delaey et al. (1974), shape memory effect training Schroeder, Wayman (1977), stress-induced martensite training Schroeder, Wayman (1977), training involving both of shape memory effect as well as stress-induced martensite Perkins, Sponholz (1984) remaining in martensite state while heating at a temperature AF Takezawa, Shindo, Sato (1976), as well as using precipitates Tadaki, Otsuka, Shimizu (1988).1.4 Transformation Induced plasticity (TRIP)Several experimental stu dies have shown the development of nonlinear plastic (irreversible) strain when phase transformations occur Greenwood, Johnson (1965), Abrassart (1972), Magee (1966), Desalos (1981), Olson, Cohen (1986), Denis et al. (1982). This mechanism of deformation is termed Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP), resulting from internal stress rising from the change in volume related to the transformation, as well as from the associated change in shape Marketz, Fischer (1994). TRIP differs from classical plasticity. Although plasticity is caused from the applied stress or variation in temperature, TRIP is triggered by phase variations, and occurs even at low and constant stress levels Gautier et al. (1989), Leblond et al. (1989), Gautier (1998), Tanaka, Sato (1985), Fischer et al. (2000, 1996). TRIP takes place because of two separate mechanisms. The first, refers to a process of accommodation of micro-plasticity related to volume change Greenwood, Johnson (1965). The other, refers to an or ientation caused by shear internal stresses, favoring the direction of preferred orientation for the formation of martensite when and external stress is present, which involves change in shape Magee (1966). TRIP is caused by the difference in compactness of the lattice structure between the austenite (parent) and the martensite (product) phase Greenwood, Johnson (1965). 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Entchev, et al., Shape memory alloys, Part I General properties and modeling of single crystals, Mechanics of Materials, vol. 38, p. 391-429, 2006.Perkins, J. and R. Sponholz, Stress-induced martensitic transformation cycling and two-way shape memory training in Cu-Zn-Al alloys. Metallurgical transactions A, 15(2), pp. 313-321, 1984.Perkins, J., Shape Memory Effects in Alloys, Plenum Press, New York, 1975.Rosa M., Phase Transform ations in Steels, Volume 1 Fundamentals and Diffusion-Controlled Transformations, International Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 70(2), pp. 337-338, 2013.Saburi, T. and S. Nenno, The shape memory effect and related phenomena. Solid to Solid Phase Transformations, pp. 1455-1479, 1981.Saburi, T., M. Yoshida, and S. Nenno, Deformation behavior of shape memory TiNi alloy crystals. Scripta metallurgica, 18(4), pp. 363-366, 1984.Saburi, T., T. Tatsumi, and S. Nenno, Effects of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of Ti-Ni alloys. Le Journal de Physique Colloques, 43(C4), pp. C4-261-C4-266, 1982.Schetky, L., Shape-memory alloys, Scientific American 241 (74-82), 1979.Schroeder, T. and C. Wayman, The two-way shape memory effect and other training phenomena in Cu Zn single crystals. Scripta Metallurgica, 11(3), pp. 225-230, 1977.Shimizu, K., K. Otsuka, and J. Perkins, Shape Memory Effects in Alloys. Perkins, J., Ed.(New York Plenum), pp. 60-87, 1975.Tadaki, T., K. Otsuka, and K. Shimiz u, Shape memory alloys. Annual Review of Materials Science, 18(1), pp. 25-45, 1988.Takezawa, K., T. Shindo, and S.I. Sato, Shape memory effect in 1-CuZnAl alloys. Scripta Metallurgica, 10(1), pp. 13-18, 1976.Tanaka, K. and Sato, Y., A Mechanical View of Transformation-Induced Plasticity, Ingenieur Archiv 55, pp. 147-155, 1985.Wayman, M., J. Harrison, The origins of the shape memory effect, Journal of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 41 (99) pp. 26-28, 1989.Wei, Z., D. Yang, On the hysteresis loops and characteristic temperatures of thermoelastic martensitic transformations, Scripta Metallurgica, Volume 22, reappearance 8, 1988, pp. 1245-1249.

Critique of the National Cirriculum in Britain :: Education Policy

Critique in a policy documentDuring this essay I am going to look at one atomic number 18a of our educational system and discuss in detail the features of this policy. I have chosen to look at, in detail the depicted object platform, which was progressively introduced into the Britain in 1989. I privation to get an insight into the way the National Curriculum has changed and the ways in which it now gives pupils an extra advantage at getting the best out of their education. The National Curriculum delivers the information pupils need to know in a balanced and manageable way, but at the same time it is hard enough to quarrel them. I am going to also look at Japan?s Educational policy and see what advantages they give to pupil?s, I depart then compare the two policies. The National Curriculum is split up into stages, these stages are determined by age groups, key stage 1 ranges from ages 5-7 which is the yr group 1 and 2, then there is key stage 2 which ranges in ages 7-11 this is year groups 3-6. Key stages 3 and 4 are secondary stages, so at key stage 3 the pupils are 11-14. At the final stage of the pupils development through the National Curriculum, key stage 5 they are 14-16, at this stage they get more choice in which areas of the curriculum they want to continue in. However some subjects which are part of the National Curriculum such as, english, maths and science are compulsory. At each stage expectations are set as to pupils performance levels. Targets are laid out for programmes of moot for pupils. The national curriculum helps the school create a working relationship, not only with the pupils but also with the parents. The curriculum is a way to create umteen more opportunities for all levels of achievement. It can help with building on certain strengths in a pupils ability. When we consider the different structures to which the curriculum can take on we must look at the way in which the information set out through the curriculum is put across to the pupils through content and organization. David Scott a Professor of Educational Leadership and Learning at the University of Lincoln?s International Institute for Educational Leadership. He is an expert in curriculum studies, David Scott identifies and depicts six-spot curriculum ideologies. These are Foundationalism, Conventionalism, Instrumentalism, Technical Rationality, Critical Pedagogy and Post-modernism.

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens :: Great Expectations Essays

Great Expectations by Charles DickensCoursework Question In the extract where dapple, a boy from a veryhumble punctuate meets Miss Havisham, a rich but eccentric ladydickens wants the reader to feel sympathetic towards Pip. How does hemake us feel this carriage?In this assignment, I will analyse, discuss and comment on thetechniques Charles Dickens (Dickens) uses as a writer to chance upon sympathyfor the main character Pip. I will look closely at mark offting, language,characterisation, the opening and closing of the extract. I will alsoquote ideas and phrases from the text to help me analyse and explain.Pip, the main character, is a lonely orphaned child. He lives with his child and her husband the blacksmith. We know that Pips family ispoor because they live of a blacksmith wages, not very much. The novelis set in the Victorian era where social status played a major role indaily life we discover this in the novel. Pips sister brought him up byhand and finds he is a burden on her. Dickens chose to make the maincharacter, Pip, lonely and poor to gain our sympathy.This novel is written in the voice first person, as if it were Pip verbalise the story. Dickens wrote this novel from Pips point of view.Pip is telling us the story when he is much older, as if he werethinking back to when he was a child. The fact that Dickens chose tomake Pip, the main character, the bank clerk instead of anothercharacter creates a bond between Pip and us, the readers.In this extract Pip is sent by Mr Pumblechook, a distant relative, tosee Miss Havisham (Havisham). Mr Pumblechook is not of higher class,but mingles well with them. Mr Pumblechook believes Havisham willtake to Pip like she took to Estella, which would secure Pips future.Although another reason is that Pips sister finds he is a burden onher and wouldnt mind getting rid of him. Pip is warned to behave, asHavisham is of higher social class and his sister doesnt want him toruin his chances.When Pip enters Havishams h ouse we have hope for Pip that Havishamwill take to him like she did to Estella. Havisham, as she is ofhigher, lives in a much lavish house than Pip. Dickens uses thesetting to gain sympathy and to keep us interested.Pip enters a large room, he very observant. For example he mentions,pretty large room, well lighted with wax candles. The descriptioncreates a mental image in our minds of where he is, immediately we

HNES Native Species Gardens Misrepresentation and Dismissal of Exotic

Public green spaces are complementary areas in urban centers, designed to create amateur space for public use and cultivate-natural scenery. There are many public green spaces on York Universitys Keele campus such as the woodlots, the green roof near Ross building, Passy garden, Maloca union garden, and HNES Native Species Garden. The Native Species Garden is a naturalization project founded in 2005, in front of the Health, Nursing and Environmental Studies building. The project led by Dr. Gerda Wekerle and mingled members of the Environmental Studies Faculty, and grounds management staff to propagate native species as there are many exotic species on campus. Although, the objective is pure and serious to the ecology of the campus, the ramifications are lacklustre. The garden invites xenophobic principles, formulates stereotypes and cultivates misinformation about exotic species. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the different images of exotic species and the integration of these species into public green spaces on campus.Exotic species -sometimes invasive- are organisms either moved via human disturbances or geological and meteorological events, often displacing species from their habitat. Yet, the word invasive is attached to exotics as a disallow construct without considering advantages or disadvantages of the plants to humans and the environment. The story of exotic species is learned as a militaristic metaphor and Larson (2008) confers, We have made an enemy of invasive species to release controlling and subjugating them(p 16). One example is Garlic Mustard, a herb species native to Europe and some parts of Asia mainly used as spice. According to Ontario Ministry of inbred Resources (2012), Garlic M... ...raphical Review 94.2 (2004) 178-198. EBSCO Host. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.Larson, Brendan. Friend, Foe, Wonder, Peril. Alternative Journals. 34.1 (2008) 14-17. EBSCO Host. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.Schetter, Timothy A., Timothy L. Walters, and Karen V. Root . A Multi-scale Spatial Analysis of Native and Exotic Plant Species Richness at bottom a Mixed-Disturbance Oak Savanna Landscape.Environmental Management 52.3 (2013) 581-584. EBSCO Host. Web. 16 Nov. 2013.Stinson, Kristina, Sylvan Kaufman, Luke Durbin, and Frank Lowenstein. Impacts Of Garlic Mustard Invasion On A Forest Understory Community. northeasterly Naturalist 14.1 (2007) 73-88. EBSCO Host. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.Terrestrial Invasive Species.Biodiversity. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 4 Sept. 2013. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. .

The Importance of Educating Jail and Prison Inmates Essay -- importanc

Summary This paper explores the benefits provided by procreational programs in jails and prisons. Included are the reasons inmates need education in drift to favoredly reenter society once they are released and use the knowledge and skills they have learned to obtain a job in order to support themselves and their families. Also examined in the paper are the financial benefits of incorporating educational programs instead of cutting them, as well as the effect these programs play on the recidivism rate. Lastly is a focus on understanding the importance of education and job training, even though the recipients are criminals. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A controversial issue in the criminal justice field is whether or not educational programs should be offered to inmates in jail while they are incarcerated. While some might deal that taxpayers should not be forced to fund these types of programs, others agree that it is extremely beneficial to not only the inmates but also the taxpayers. Not only are the inmates the pot in society who need education the most, but studies have shown a significant decrease in the recidivism rate of inmates who participated in educational programs while incarcerated. Jails and prisons should cast up educational programs to inmates because inmates need education more than ever, it is more financially efficient to provide educational programs and it significantly reduces the recidivism rate. According to experts and inmates, education is a key to successful reentry into society that most inmates are lacking. Over the past twenty years, the need for education within jails and prisons has risen to an all-time high... ...grams-could-save-money Buss, E. G. (2010). Stepping stones to successful reentry. Corrections Today, 72(4), 6-10. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/746486739?accountid=38223Esperian, J. H. (2010). The effect of prison education p rograms on recidivism. Journal of Correctional Education, 61(4), 316-334. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/871418247?accountid=38223Skorton, D., & Altschuler, G. (2013, March 25). College behind bars How educating prisoners pays off. Forbes. Retrieved from http//www.forbes.com/sites/collegeprose/2013/03/25/college-behind-bars-how-educating-prisoners-pays-off/ Steurer, S. J., Linton, J., Nally, J., & Lockwood, S. (2010). The top-nine reasons to increase correctional education programs. Corrections Today, 72(4), 40-43. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/746496632?accountid=38223

Comparing the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Hamlet and Macbeth

Comparing the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Hamlet and Macbeth In the time of William Shakespeare there was a strong belief in the existence of the wizard(prenominal). Therefore, the nonnatural is a recurring theme in many of Shakespeares plays. In two such plays, Hamlet and Macbeth, the supernatural is an integral part of the structure of the plot. It provides a atom smasher for action, an insight into character, and an augmentation of the impact of many key scenes. The supernatural appears to the audience in many varied forms. In Hamlet there appears perhaps the most historied of the supernatural forms, the ghost. However, in Macbeth, not only does a ghost appear, but also a floating dagger, witches, and prophetic apparitions also make appearances. The role of the supernatural is very important in both Hamlet and Macbeth. A ghost, in the form of Hamlets father, makes several visitations in the play. It first appears to the watchmen, Marcellus and Bernardo, along with Horatio near the guardsmens post. The ghost, though static causes them a little anxiety, It harrows me with fear and wonder(I.i.53). It is not until the appearance of Hamlet that the ghost speaks, and only then after Horatio has expressed his fears about Hamlet hobby it, What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord, or to the dreadful summit of the cliff(I.iv.76-77). The conversation between the ghost and Hamlet serves as a catalyst for Hamlets later actions and provides insight into Hamlets character. The knowledge the ghost reveals incites Hamlet to action against a situation with which he was already uncomfortable, and now is even more so. Hamlet is not quick to believe the ghost, The smelling that I have seen may be ... ...e supernatural provides a catalyst for action by the characters. It supplies insight into the major players and it augments the impact of many key scenes. The supernatural appeals to the audiences curiosity of the mysterious and thus strengthens their interest. Works Cited Curry, Walter. Supernatural in Hamlet and Macbeth. London Mass Peter Smith, 1968. Epstein, Norrie, The Friendly Shakepeare, New York, Viking Publishing, 1993. Magill, Masterplots- Volume 6, New Jersey, capital of Oregon Press, 1949. Schlegel, August Wilhelm. Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies . A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London AMS Press, Inc., 1965. Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York Washington Press, 1992. Wills, Gary. Witches & Jesuits. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1995.