Prejudice in Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Prejudice in Of Mice and Men EssayPrejudices atomic number 18 the chains forged by ignorance to keep men a begin. Marguerite Gardiner. In society, both modern and in the past, impairment has been a tool of thinking and labeling a group of race, people, syllabus and culture in order to distinguish ones high quality and dominance from one an some new(prenominal), but is simply a way to judge without gathering valid facts. In Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, we see that prejudice was just as rampant in the 1930s. In the novel, prejudice is demonstrated on 3 different levels racial, sexual and social. It is shown how these prejudices generate false perceptions that although meant to aid, do no much(prenominal) good as their end result is clouding the truth. Racial prejudice is most significant when describing Crooks, who happens to be the stable buck for the farm. Crooks is also a Black slice with a back disability, hence the reason he is c in all(prenominal)ed Crooks. Wh ile most of the other workers live in the same area and attend to jobs that are quite similar, Crooks is forced to live by himself, work alone in the stables and is almost never in contact with any of the other sections. hatful such as curlings married woman go as far as to ridicule Crooks and pull down look down at him simply for the fact that he is a Black man with a disability who is a laborer. In one instance, Curlys Wife threatens Crooks by telling him Listen, Nigger, you know what I can do if you open your trap, I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint funny (Steinbeck, 98). The open brutality of this comment shows that even a woman, who would normally not drive home much or any say during this clipping in the 1930s, is still considered higher in social class than an African-American man.Nothing is known about him as a person by any of the other farm attendants, but the prejudices that in this case are completely false help propel a gap between them, when one does not need to be. Although he may be physically handicap, he is just as capable as any of the others. As a result of being an outcast at the farm, Crooks has drive very isolated and disengaged with the other members. When Lennie enters Crooks cabin in order retrieve the puppies, Crooks lashes out and tells Lennie I aint wanted in the bunk room and you aint wanted in my room (Steinbeck,124).This comment shows that Crooks has bring to pass bitter and alone because of the prejudice constantly being aimed at him when there is no reason for the way he is treated. He is a great overall example of racial prejudice in Of Mice and Men and society, both past and present, in which a African-American male, who is as capable as any man of another color is denied the same opportunities because of stereotypes and perceptions which can only be supported with biased false facts. Sexual prejudice is strong when Curlys Wife is a part of a scene.Curlys Wife also happens to be the only female that is currently occupying the place of work that the novel is set in. Curlys Wife is presented as a character who tends to be very friendly with all the men on the farm and enjoys the attention she gets because her husband, Curly does not give her the core of attention that she wants, so she finds it with others. Curlys Wife is often avoided by all other who work at the farm because she is a woman who could get them in a lot of trouble.Curly is the stump son and Curlys Wife being the daughter-in-law always gets her way and can have any man in the farm fired without reason. She got the eye goin all the time on everybody. I bet she even gives the stable buck they eye. I dont know what the hell she wants (Steinbeck,51). Being a woman, there is already significant amount of sexual prejudice tell to her and the fact that she is very flirtatious with the other men further strengthens their perception of her. They all try to remain as quiet down as possible, careful not to give her the w rong idea cause they know the trouble that she could get them in.In actuality it appears that Curlys Wife only craves attention from the other men and nothing sexual because of the lack of her husband to give her the attention that she wants. The idea of her wanting something only sexual and not spiritual shows the prejudice associated with sexuality in this novel and how its falsehood prevents a lonely woman from engaging and connecting with others on a mental level. Equally important is the Social prejudice towards characters such as Candy and Lennie in Of Mice and Men.Candy is very old and not capable of doing much close to the farm but is still kept around to do the simple chores that the others are seen as more of a waste of time for others. These simple chores are envied by others and this jealousy helps create a department between Candy and the others. Candy also has a dog that in many ways is similar to him The dog aint no good to himself. I wisht somebodyd postulate me if I got old an a cripple (pg. 45). They are both described as being old, withered, confused and in many ways more of a nuisance who would do more good dead than alive.Socially being hated by the majority of the men at the paste shows the prejudice that is directed without any reason, but simply motivated by jealousy. In the instance of Lennie, social prejudice is strongest evident in the perception others have of him because in their eyes, all they see is a risky oaf incapable of accomplishing anything intelligent and only kept around for his strength. Before meeting Lennie and even engaging him in conversation, his go down has already been established at the Ranch.With Curly we see that Hes like a lot of little guys. He hates big guys. Hes alla time picking scraps with big guys. Kind of like hes mad at em because he aint a big guy (pg. 26). Regardless of his ability to be of help at the farm, Curly already establishes his position on Lennie even though he has had no significan t direct contact or enough time to accurately usher Lennie as a person and not just a big man physically. Not only Curly, but other members of the farm also have decided Lennies place at work before fully knowing him.He is left out of card games, left back at the ranch when George and the others go out to hand more important jobs. Being considered a simple minded men with little use who spend their days playing with and day dreaming about rabbits or sweeping after others, Lennie and Candy have become outcasts in the sense that one of them is perceived to be mentally unstable and added to the fact that he is physically strong, while the other one is a nuisance who many could live without, make them both isolated and all the more reason to be avoid and singled out.Of Mice and Men is a brilliant novel in demonstrating that prejudice is a tool that people use to become more familiar with other individuals in order to overcome the fear of uncertainty. However, the ending result is that it puts distance between the person and the one they judge because it is not fact, but perception that is completely untrue. Prejudice is simply the reasoning of a fool to make themselves feel secure.

Bebop Research Paper Essay Example for Free

bonk Research Paper Essay bebop medicinal drug was the next evolutionary change of Jazz music that succeeded swing music. This papers aim is look at musicians who impacted this era, exploring more in depth Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. In the early 1940s, the swing bands began to each sound the same as well as work along predictable chord changes.1 The music was now not used for dancing. Some people believed that this would let the music go away from the elite social groups, and now be for e reallybody. Also just because a musician could play swing music well, there was no guarantee that the same musician would be able to perform Bebop.This new musical mode of music was outlined through adventurous soloists such as Dizzy Gillespie. Although swing music did have some creativity, in Bebop the chorus was done once at the beginning and once at the end, the middle was closely up to the soloists creativity and inventiveness. Bebop music really took hold during the old age of Ameri fag inter-group communication in WWII. During this time there was a major postulate from the Musicians Union because they wanted more money from labels because of money lost on free radio.2 The strike led to musicians jamming with each other and not being able to record. Since there was a lack of recorded material for the music, when recording started again, and people comprehend Bebop they were very taken aback. They had no warning that this new style of music was being created, let alone how different it was from swing.The musical style itself differed quite an a lot from anything that had ever been done in Jazz up until this point. Along with the chorus only being repeated at the end of a musical number, there were fast tempos, asymmetrical phrasing, and intricate melodies. The only things that held Bebop together were underlying harmonies that were compete by the rhythm section. Other then this, close to of the music ended up being improvisational as discussed ea rlier. The chord progression which was used for the music was actually not much different from the swing era, exclusively the melody was new and much more complex. At the end of the Bebop era, musicians were using harmonic substitutions instead chords. This style and era of Jazz took people by surprise.The music was different, unique, and really let the musicians express who they were as Jazz musicians. Dizzy Gillespie was innate(p) John Birks Gillespie in South Carolina on October 21, 1917.3 He was youngest of nine children. His puerility was not one that he wanted to remember much. His father was very abusive towards him and his siblings. I was scared, scared of my father. He was super austere, and never showed any emotion. Hed give me a whipping every Sunday morning, me and my chum salmons, said Dizzy speaking of his childhood. 4 Gillespie got into a lot of trouble as a child. But at the age of ten or so, an English teacher introduced him to music, which lead him to joining the school band. 5 He 3 Alyn Shipton, Groovin High The sustenance of Dizzy Gillespie, unused York Oxford University Press, 1999, 6 started his young music travel play the trombone. The instrument changed once he borrowed a neighbors trumpet for the source time.6 Dizzy began performing in the local bands all around town. After his younger years, Gillespie attended a school that was a boarding school and day college, nominateed the Laurinburg Institute in North Carolina.7 plot of land he was there it is thought that he was struggling for money for clothes. Although tuition and board was covered for him, he had worked in the field to make extra money. 8 Dizzy Gillespies mother moved up to Philadelphia while he was at the end of his career at the Laurinburg Institute and moved up to be with her in 1935.9 He began playacting in bands about Philly and in the area. This was done for a few years between 1935-1937, before he moved up to New York City.10 While he was in Philadelphia he g ot his reputation and subsequently his nickname, Dizzy. He was know for the unpredictable nature in which he would play the trumpet and act outside of performing. When he arrived in New York City, he was hired by the slipperiness Hill Orchestra for a European tour.11 Before being hired, Dizzy was playing around town and making a name for himself. There he lived with his brother in an apartment in New York City. He went out all night so that his brother could come home form working all day and go to sleep.Gillespies first recordings were with the Teddy Hill Orchestra Band. After being with Hill for a few years, Gillespie joined Cab Calloway in the summer of 1939. 13 They play at the Cotton Club but Calloway was touring a lot. This gave Dizzy the opportunity to develop his musicianship through style and knowledge through playing at all night jam sessions. Then, in 1942, Gillespie joined Earl Fatha Hines band. Unfortunately, in 1943, lots of band members left, including Dizzy Gillesp ie. He began to form his own bands that started by scuttle at Onyx Club on 52nd St in New York City.14 Dizzy had begun to play bebop in 1940, and was now able to do it full time.The venue became a hot spot for this new evolutional sound in Jazz. In 1956 Gillespie and his band went on a state department tour of the Middle East, which earned other nickname Ambassador of Jazz. He continued to work as a Jazz ambassador for the rest of his career, going to Cuba in 1977, and working with fall in Nations Orchestra. At the end of his life he took up educating young musicians. He unfortunately died from pancreatic cancer in 1993. He left us with a new style of music, and left his mark by helping educate a new generation of Jazz musicians.Another great artist, and considered the second make of Bebop was Charlie Parker. He grew up in Kansas City, Kansas. Parker was raised here until he was seven years old and then his family moved to Kansas City, Missouri that was thriving culturally at th e time.15 It was an important city for African-American music as well. Parker had his irst bout with music in public schools in Kansas City, Missouri.16 In high school, Charlie Parker began by playing the baritone horn, then after on switched to the alto saxophone in 1933, which he stuck with. At the age of 15, the determined in yet not very talented yet, Parker left school to pursue his music career. The young man had a hard time at first getting yelled at by fellow band members, and then practicing for fifteen hours a day.17 From 1935 to 1939 he worked in Kansas City playing with local groups developing his talent through habituate and performance.18In 1939 Charlie Parker moved from Kansas City to New York City. When he arrived he worked as a dishwasher and attended jam sessions during the nights.19 While he was in New York City, he ended up meeting trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie. He would end up collaborating and working with Gillespie to create what we now know as Bebop.20 From 1940 -1942 Charlie Parker played in Jay McShanns that toured in the southwest and Chicago, and then recorded with them in Dallas.21 At this time, the recordings were more swing-based and were also make for broadcasting.22 In 1942 he joined Earl Hines band, this would build to be a great move because him and Gillespie together were able 16 Ken Burns, Charlie Parker, to experiment. As this big band style of music began to decline, the up-beat improvisational style of Parker began to show. This style of Jazz caught on with the younger generations of musicians throughout the 1940s and 1950s.Parkers success was cut short because of addiction. When he was a child, he had an accident that he got addicted to morphine from. In 1951, he had his club license revoked.23 Parker was banned from performing at nightclubs and later attempted suicide twice, and died in 1955. As one of the founders of Bebop, Charlie Parker contributed case work in Jazz for the future generations. When he was playing, th e older generations did not take to his new form of Jazz, now people look back and call him and innovator. scoopful Roach is another great innovator, and is one of the best jazz percussionists to ever play. Roach grew up in Brooklyn in a house that was already full of music.His mother was a gospel singer and began to play instruments in gospel bands when he was 10 years old.24 The first instrument he played was the bugle, and then later switched to the drums. When he was 16 he played in his first big performance, he substituted in Duke Ellingtons band. 25 When he was 18, he began going down to 52nd street and 78th street to begin jamming with other Jazz musicians. He was influenced by Kenny Clarke and was one of the few bebop drummers of the time. Roach would deem time on the cymbal instead of the bass drum, as swinger drummers did.26 This technique allowed for more 23 Burnsspace to create rhythmic accompaniment.Throughout his career, Max Roach played with all the greats of the Be bop jazz style. He was able to play with Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Thelonius monastic, Coleman Hawkins, and develop Powell.27 Roach actually played on most of the recordings of Charlie Parker, including Savoy 1945, an important turning point in recorded Jazz.28 He also played on Miles Daviss recording Birth of the Cool in 1950 and Jazz at Massey Hall in 1952.29 Max Roach is the percussionist who took Bebop took the next level and is one of the best percussionists there was in Bebop jazz.Miles Davis, born in 1926, came from middle class beginnings and was raised outside of St Louis.30 His mother raised him in an integrated in an integrated suburb and began music through playing trumpet after his father bought him one. Davis first teacher encouraged him to play the trumpet unlike Louis Armstrong and Roy Eldridge, using straight, vibratoless tones.31 After a visit by truncheon Ecksteins Band to St Louis, which included Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker, he applie d to the Julliard School of Music in New York City in 1944. Some people say that he only went there to find his idol Charlie Parker.32 The formal teaching at Julliard was not enough for Davis and he ended up 27 All more or less Jazz seeking out Jazz clubs such as the Savoy and Mintons. He joined Charlie Parker in live appearances and recordings between 1945 and 1948.33 In 1948, Miles Davis started his own Bebop groups. He participated in a workshop with arranger Gil Evans.This led to collaborations with Gerry Mulligan, John Lewis, and Johnny Carisi, which ended up being recordings. They were recorded for Capitol under Davis name and later reissued as Birth of the Cool. 34 Miles Davis career at this point was marred by a heroine addiction. He was unable to perform much and when he did, it was with low-level accompanists, and performed infrequent recordings for labels. Miles Davis did not spearhead the Bebop movement as Parker or Gillespie did, but he was nonetheless very important in the Jazz variation of the time. Davis jazz is some of the best in the 20th century. Thelonius Monk was a Jazz pianist who helped spur bebop during the height of this new revolutionary sound. Monk was born in 1917 in Rocky Mount, North Carolina.35 He grew up with a piano in his house, and that became his first exposure to music at a very young age. He taught himself how to read music when he was five or six by looking over his sisters shoulder as she was receiving music lessons.36 Before Monk was ten years old, his family moved to New York City, near the Hudson River.His father left his family after becoming ill and moving back south, divergence Monks mom to raise him and his siblings. She was able to get him a piano when he was eleven and he began taking formal lessons at this point.37 He started playing piano in the church choir which is mother sang in, while also being surrounded by the Jazz scene in New York City. In 1939, Monk created his first jazz group.38 Monks first not able moment was in 1940 when he was hired at Mintons Playhouse in Harlem as the house pianist. 39 While at Mintons he was able to playwith the house quartet, and got to play with Jazz pianist Bud Powell, Roy Eldridge, and Don Byas.In 1944, Theolnius Monk made his first visit to the recording studio as a part of the Coleman Hawkins Quartet. 40 In 1944 he also recorded Round About Night, and ended up joining Dizzy Gillespies Orchestra and playing on 52nd street at Spotlite Club.41 Then in 1947, Monk made recordings under his own name in a sextet session for Blue Note. Thelonius Monk was falsely arrested in 1951 for narcotics possession.42 He had his cabaret license taken away from him therefore inhibiting him from playing in the Jazz clubs in New York City. He played in out of town gigs and made some records for Prestige Label during this time.43 Then in 1954 he traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to play in the Paris Jazz Festival. While there he recorded his first solo album for Vogu e, which would prove to be the way people would remember him, as one of the most imaginative solo pianists.The Bebop era was filled with musicians that are still talked about today as having great influence on 20th century music. Bebop let jazz artists express themselves through extended solos that were not very common yet. Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker really took the scene abruptly and changed the way one can play jazz. This evolution in Jazz evoked fast tempos, asymmetrical phrasing, and rhythm sections expanding their roles in the band. The Bebop era gave listeners great Jazz in an evolutionary style, that people still enjoy today.

Economies of Scale Economies of Scope in long run

Economies of Scale Economies of Scope in long run Paridhi GuptaIntroductionEconomies all about(predicate) cost rigiveness. The border Scale is all about the benefits gained by the production of large volume of a product. The term scope is linked to the benefits gained by producing a wide com departmentalisation of products by efficiently utilizing to same operations.What argon Economies of Scale?The term economies of weighing machine refers to a situation where the cost of producing one whole of a good or service decreases as the volume of production appends.Economies of scale arise when the cost per unit falls as output increases. Economies of scale ar the important benefit of increasing the scale of production.Examples-Table 1Assume each unit of capital = Rs.5, Land = Rs.8 and Labour = Rs.2Calculate TC and therefore AC for the ii contrasting scales (sizes) of production facilityAC = TC / QTABLE 2Doubling the scale of production (a rise of 100%) has led to an increase i n output of 200% therefore cost of productionPER UNIT has fallenDont model confused in the midst of Total Cost and clean CostOverall costs will rise but unit costs can fallClassification of Economies of ScaleMarshall made a differentiating concepts of internal and external economies of scale. That is that when costs of input factors of production go down, it is a positive externality for all the loyals in the market place, outside the control of any(prenominal) of the firms.Internal Economies of ScaleInternal economies of scale relate to the lower unit costs a single firm can obtain by growing in size itself. This means that the internal economies are exclusively available to the expanding firm.Internal economies of scale may be classified under the following categories.Bulk- buy economiesAs businesses grow they need to order big quantities of production inputs. For example, they will more raw materials. As the order value increases, a business obtains more bargaining powe r with suppliers. It may be able to obtain discounts and lower prices for the raw materials.Technical economiesBusinesses with large-scale production can use more advance machinery (or use existing machinery more efficiently). This may include using mass production techniques, which are a more efficient form of production. A larger firm can also afford to invest more in research and development.Financial economiesMany small businesses find it hard to obtain finance and when they do obtain it, the cost of the finance is often quite high. This is because small businesses are perceived as existence adventureier than larger businesses that have developed a good track record. Larger firms therefore find it easier to find potential lenders and to raise money at lower interest rates.Marketing economiesEconomies in trade arise from the large scale purchase of raw materials and other material inputs and large scale selling of the firms own product. Every part of merchandising has a cost particularly promotional methods such as advertising and running a sales force. Many of these marketing costs are fixed costs and so as a business gets larger, it is able to spread the cost of marketing over a wider range of products and sales not bad(p) the average marketing cost per unit.Managerial economiesAs a firm grows, there is greater potential for managers to specialise in particular tasks (e.g. marketing, human imagination management, finance). Specialist managers are likely to be more efficient as they possess a high level of expertise, experience and qualifications compared to one person in a smaller firm trying to perform all of these roles.External economies of scaleExternal economies of scale occur when a firm benefits from lower unit costs as a result of the whole industry growing in size. External economies accrue to the expanding firms from advantages arising outside the firm e.g. in the input markets.The main types areTransport and communication As an industr y establishes itself and grows in a particular region, it is likely that the government will provide better transport and communication links to break accessibility to the region. This will lower transport costs for firms in the area as journey times are reduced and also attract more potential customers. For example, an area of Scotland known as Silicon Glen has attracted many high-tech firms and as a result improved air and roadway links have been built in the region.Training and education takes more focused on the industryUniversities and colleges will offer more courses suitable for a career in the industry which has become dominant in a region or nationally. For example, there are many more IT courses at being offered at colleges as the whole IT industry in the UK has developed recently. This means firms can benefit from having a larger pool of appropriately skilled workers to kindle from.Other industries grow to support this industryA ne cardinalrk of suppliers or support i ndustries may grow in size and/or locate secretive to the main industry. This means a firm has a greater chance of finding a high quality yet affordable supplier conterminous to their site.The long run average cost curve (LRAC)The long run average cost curve (LRAC) is known as the envelope curve and is unremarkably drawn on the assumption of their being an infinite number of plant sizes hence its smooth appearance in the next diagram below.The points of tangency between LRAC and SRAC curves do not occur at the minimum points of the SRAC curves except at the point where the minimum efficient scale (MES) is achieved.If LRAC is falling when output is increasing then the firm is experiencing economies of scale. For example a doubling of factor inputs superpower lead to a more than doubling of output.Economies of scopeEconomies of scope is a term that refers to the reduction of per-unit costs through the production of a wider variety of goods or services.Many firms produce more tha n one product. Sometimes, a firms products are fast linkes to one another. An automobile company, for instance, produces automobiles and trucks, a chicken farm produces poultry and eggs. At other times, firms produce physically unrelated products. In both caes, however, a firm is likely to enjoy production or cost advantages when it produces two or more products.These advantages could result from the joint use of inputs or production facilities, joint marketing programs, or possibly the cost savings of a common administration.Example of Economies of ScopeMcDonalds can produce both hamburgers and French fries at a lower average cost than what it would cost two separate firms to produce the same goods. This is because McDonalds hamburgers and French fries share the use of food storage, preparation facilities, and so forth during production.Difference between economies of scale and economies of scopeMergers and AcquisitionsMergers are basically combining of two business entities under common ownership. Two companies legally become one. All assets and liabilities being merged out of existence become assets and liabilities of surviving company.Under encyclopedisms one firm buys the assets or shares of another. Acquired company becomes subsidiary of purchasing company. unalike Types of MergersA horizontal merger This kind of merger exists between two companies who compete in the same industry segment.A vertical merger steep merger is a kind in which two or more companies in the same industry but in different fields liquify together in business.Co-generic mergers Co-generic merger is a kind in which two or more companies in association are almost way or the other related to the production processes, business markets, or basic required technologies.Conglomerate Mergers Conglomerate merger is a kind of venture in which two or more companies belonging to different industrial sectors combine their operations diametric Types of acquisitionsFriendly acquisition B oth the companies approve of the acquisition under matey terms.Reverse acquisition A private company takes over a public company.Back flip acquisition- A very rare case of acquisition in which, the purchasing company becomes a subsidiary of the purchased company.Hostile acquisition Here, as the name suggests, the entire process is done by force.Motives for Mergers AcquisitionsEconomies of large scale business large scale business organization enjoys both internal and external economies.Elimination of competition It eliminates severe, intense and wasteful expenditure by different competing organizations.Desire to enjoy monopoly power MA leads to monopolistic control in the market.Adoption of modern engineering science corporate organization requires large resourcesLack of technical and managerial talent Industrialization, scarcity of entrepreneurial, managerial and technical talentCreation of Synergies The financial benefit that two companies may derive from a merger or a cquisition is called synergism. The synergetic effect may also refer to the cost reduction a merger brings about by eliminating or streamlining redundant processes.Different types of Synergies enjoyed through MAManagement SynergyManagement synergy refers that the companies use its extensive and efficient management resources through impudently permutations and combinations after MA to improve the existing management and finally increase the tax revenue.Operating SynergyOperating synergy refers to the improvement of production and operation efficiency of enterprises which caused by economies of scale and parsimony of scope after MA.Financial SynergyFinancial synergy refers to the financial benefits generated by MA transaction. It is a net cash flow on benefits which are caused by tax laws, accounting standards and other purveys of the securities and exchange.Production SynergyTwo companies that merge may be able to produce more revenue than either one could produce independentl y by combining the most efficient processes each brings to the merger.Risks Analysis of the Realization of Synergistic EffectThe risk of exposures of the realization of synergistic effect refers to the un sealedty of the increment of corporation value and the performance of strategic MA. Such risks always exist throughout the whole process of synergistic effect realization. From the view of the root causes of the risks, such risks can be divided into internal risks and external risksInternal RisksInternal risks mainly refer to the synergistic effect of risks which is caused by MA transactions and consolidation. Synergistic effect of internal risks mainly includesfinancial riskintegration riskanti-MA riskprincipal-agent riskasymmetric information risk1) Financial risk.MA often requires large arrives of capital, how to raise funds in short term is very important. Companies can use cash, stock or debt financial support for the MA. Either way, there are great risks. If companies use cash to complete the MA, there will have the following short-comings first of all, a one-time large amount of cash outflow for MA will cause intense pressure on the production and management of the enterprise. Second, the trade size will be restrict by the ability to obtain cash and lead to the failure of a large-scale MA. Moreover, the merged side may not like cash payment, because they cannot get the new companys equity, this situation will also lead to MA risks.2) Integration risk.According to a survey on the failure of MA, about 80% of MA failures are caused by enterprise integration failures. The MA integration risk is manifested mainly in the following three aspects first, production and technology cannot achieve the expected synergy after MA. For example, the MA side usually wants to implement diversification through MA so as to enter new areas, when the growth of the new areas are faced with obstacles, it often makes MA activities in trouble. Second, the integration of per sonnel, institution and culture after MA. If the enterprise cannot make effective integration according to the designed MA plan, this will lead to the conflict of personnel, institution and cultural be-tween new and old enterprises and resulting in internal friction. Third, the impact of MA on business descents, such as the impact on customers and suppliers. MA efficacy cause deterioration in external business relationship and lose some customers and suppliers, thus lead to the increase of enterprises operating costs and reduction its profitability.3) Anti-MA riskUnder normal circumstances, the merged enterprises office of MA is uncooperative. Because the merged enterprises are usually inferior enterprises, they will find ways to stop MA. Such practices will greatly increase the MA risks. In addition, under the modern corporate governance structure, a successful MA moldiness first be accepted by enterprise management, then adopt by the board of directors in the enterprise, at la st obtain the consent of the large, small and medium-sized investors.4) Principal-agent riskFor pursuing business expansion, the senior executives with information superiority might ignore the interests of shareholders to meet the needs of their individual fame and fortune. The out of control risk of principal-agent relationship in MA decision is very dangerous. In a company, the relationship between its manager and corporate owners is principal-agent relationship. The company management might pursuit company expansion for their own interests to show their performance. They have information superiority and might agree on the unreasonable terms of the target company without considering its own financial and operating conditions. This conduct will increase the realization cost of synergy and reduced synergy benefits.5) Asymmetric information riskIn the market mechanism of incomplete competition, the problem of information asymmetry is quite general. During the course of surd companys acquisition of target company, the target companys executives might conceal the facts such as enterprises hidden losses of contingent liability and the true value of patents to achieve their private intentions. They might also collude with the agency or the insider of the strong enterprise to make delusive information so that the policy makers of the merging side might make wrong decisions.External RisksAs synergistic effect is based on certain of development strategy and the formulation of such a development strategy is based on external environment, therefore, the changes in external environment not simply affects the enterprises development strategy, but also cause the deviation from the expected synergies. The external risks of synergistic effect mainly includepolicy risklegal riskindustrial risk.1) Policy risk.Policy risk refers to the synergy risk which caused by the adjustment of national economic policies. The government develops special policies to hold dear the vested interests of government and special groups or uses administrative means to arbitrarily change its policy to destroy the normal order of market competition, such behavior would increase the risk of synergy.2) Legal risk.Legal risk mainly lies in the following three aspects. The first is the provisions of anti-monopoly law. Most of western countries developed a serial publication of anti-monopoly laws to safeguard fair competition. The second is the specific provisions of MA in the law. For instance, according to the correlated laws, if the acquirer holds 5% of a listed companys shares, it must notice and suspend trading, for each 2% subsequent increment, it is necessary to repeat the process, if holding 30% of the shares, it must launch a comprehensive tender offer. This provision leads to great increase of the acquisition costs and MA risk. Thirdly, during the course of MA, as laws and regulations are incomplete, the conduct of company cannot be guided correctly, thus result in the increase of MA risk.3) Industrial risk.Industry risk refers to the uncertainty of the industry prospects caused by the changes of countrys economic situation and industrial policy, which might modulate the enterprise development strategy. In the process of MA decision-making, many enterprises sink into woeful situation because they are not familiar with the new industry they compliments to enter or without a accurate grasp of the industry prospects. The big diving of e-commerce enterprises in the last two years are good examples. proofBibliographyhttp//tutor2u.net/economics/content/essentials/economies_scale_scope.htmhttp//www.tutor2u.net/business/gcse/downloads/production_economies_of_scale.pdfwww.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=4385Pindyck, Rubinfield, Mehta, MicroEconomics, 7th Edition, Pearson

Report on setting up a mcdonalds franchise in UK

Report on setting up a mcdonalds license in UKMcDonalds has been proved as fortunate business done the globe for quite some time now. This piece aims at exploring the business authorization in setting up a McDonald franchise by researching into its franchise structure. It gives information about the terms and conditions for becoming the McDonalds franchise along with the brief history of its business. It focuses on the strength and weakness of the business and discusses the macro instruction environmental factors that may affect the franchise business. I had further focused on any problem that may arise during the functioning of the franchise and performed a VRIO analysis to check the sustainability of the business. The report end with a brief conclusion about the entire report suggestion whether it is beneficial to go ahead with the project. designThe loyal sustenance business is fast growing business in the UK and when talking about fast food most often the prototypical ra ise comes to the mind is the McDonalds. It has been a genuinely successful business in its category for a long time now. This report discusses about setting up a franchise of McDonalds in UK and the pro and cons of owning a McDonald franchise. McDonalds has been making profits and is growing even in the current scotch downturn. The figure below shows the development of McDonald over the last year.Figure McDonalds Historical stock chart (advfn.com, 2010)The above figure shows clear growth of the conjunction selected to invest in getting franchise for. The growth also triggered an interest in researching for getting an franchise for McDonald and get good returns on the investment.This section is divided in to two where the first give a brief account of McDonalds business history while the later discusses the terms and condition for setting up a franchise. The data collection is majorly done from the McDonalds sustain and associate websites. The later sections discuss the SWOT an alysis and the VRIO and finally the report concludes with conclusion and recommendations.McDonalds brief historyMcDonalds was started by the Dick and Mac McDonald in 1940 in San Bernandino in California. It was a typical drive-in featuring a large menu and car hop services. It started as a barbeque eatery but in 1948 the actual McDonalds was launched when McDonald br new(prenominal)s shut their restaurant for alterations. The menu was reduced to nine items and staple of the menu was the 15 cent hamburger. Within a year the potato chips were replaced by the world famous French fries. Through its history McDonalds kept on evolving and capturing the expectations of its clients. In 1954 a multi-mixer salesman Ray Kroc met Mc brother to sell his mixers but was spell-bound by the movements. The following year in 1955 he opened the first franchise of McDonalds in Des Plaines, Illinois and by 1965 there were over 700 McDonalds restaurant through out United States. In 1958 McDonalds sold i ts 100 millionth hamburger and by 1959 the 100th McDonald restaurant was opened. In 1965 McDonald celebrated its 10th anniversary with its first public stock offering at $22.5 per sh be. 1966 saw the first TV commercial of McDonald featuring Ronald McDonald who became an instant hit. In 1967 first McDonald restaurant opened in Canada and Puerto anti-racketeering law and at present it is having its presence in 118 countries. Over time McDonald kept launching products that gain individual brand images like the Big Mac, quarter pounder and happy meal. The first McDonalds restaurant in Britain opened in Woolwich, south-east London, in 1974 (mcspotlight.org, 2010). In 1978 5000th restaurant was opened in Japan and two age later it celebrated its 25th anniversary. In 1996 McDonald went online as its internet site macdonald.com was launched. McDonald has been evolving rapid in terms of product, technology and organisational strength over the years.McDonald Franchise operationThe fast foo d industry has grown many folds in recent years with many new international and local chains competing with each other. operational a fast food restaurant has many factors to be considered right from its competitors to the demographics and socio- cultural factors concerning its customers. In case of McDonalds the big brand name and massive publicize may help running the franchise but the most important is obtaining a franchise license. McDonalds people are very concerned about their customers and thus very careful about whom they choose to serve their customers. The financial terms and conditions involving a McDonald franchise are as followsThe typical cost for owning a McDonalds restaurant ranges from 125,000 to 325,000. The investor are necessary to provide at least 25% of the value as unencumbered funds, the remaining 75% kindle be funded through a bank loan with favourable funding terms (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010).thithers also a one-off franchise fee of 30,000 and a training d eposit of 5,000 which is refunded when you complete your training (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010).There are also ongoing fees. These include Monthly rent on the premises, based on sales and profitability (usually ranging from 10% to 15%) Service fee for use of the McDonalds system 5% of sales Contribution to the national marketing spend, currently 4.5% (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010).And the returns?Cashflow (before debt repayment) typically ranges from 95,000 to 200,000 per year for each restaurant but this isnt guaranteed it could be more, it could be less (mcdonalds.co.uk, 2010).Apart from the above terms and conditions the common questions arise about the benefit the investors get. The investors get equipment and license to operate from a location for a mark term and investors buy the profitability of the business. The McDonalds management expect its franchise owners to actively participate in the daily business of the restaurant and the franchise owners are non allowed to sell their owners hip to other person without the managements permission.SWOT Analysis of McDonaldsMcDonalds has been a successfully evolving business since 1955 and almost half of the assoil corporate staff employees started as a restaurant level employee. Fortune Magazine 2005 listed McDonalds as the Best Place to Work for Minorities.(McDonalds fact sheet, 2007) The franchise owners and their staff are also required to undergo training in McDonalds. Moreover it invests around a billion USD in training its staff every year.StrengthsMcDonalds was ranked number one in Fortune Magazines 2008 list of most admired food service companies.One of the worlds most recognizable logos (the Golden Arches) and spokes character (Ronald McDonald the clown). Attractive McDonalds packaging are so popular among the children that according to the Packard Childrens Hospitals Centre research concluded that children age 3 to 5 prefer food given in McDonald packaging over the food without packaging.McDonalds have ons a h igh corporate social responsibility value. They own Ronald McDonald House facilities providing very low cost room and board, food and sibling computer backup for families with children needing extensive hospital care.They also sponsor Olympic athletes and local teams.It is global company that operates more than 23,500 restaurants in 118 countries. Their diversified presence gives them the ability to withstand economic fluctuations which are localized by sphere.They are very good in adapting to local cultural appeal and requirements. For example, they dont sell beef products in India and facilitate breach entranceto male and females in Middle East, as swell up serving Halal meat in Muslim dominated regions in UK as well.They are globally present in all major airports, and cities, along the highways, tourist locations, theme parks and inside shopping mall. Locations are selected with careful consideration and selecting the busiest locations possible.They have an efficient, concou rse line style of food preparation. In addition they have a systemization and duplication of all their food prep processes in every restaurant (marketingteacher.com, 2010).McDonalds ensures unmitigated compliance with the food quality used in its restaurants and invest producing fresh farm products.The external products used by McDonalds like cheese, yogurt, mayo etc are from top brands who ensure strict quality measures like Kraft Cheese, Nestle Chocolate, Dasani Water, Newmans Own Salad Dressings, Heinz Ketchup, Minute Maid Juice.McDonalds pioneered the provision of printed nutrition fact of its products on its packages. McDonalds offers salads, fruit, roasted chicken, bottled irrigate and other low fat and calorie conscious alternatives.McDonalds has grown into a very big and trustworthy brand worldwide and especially in UK and US so opening a franchise in UK comes with the added advantage of the brand name which help getting the customers easily.McDonalds invests a large amoun t in advertisement in print and motion media thus making life easier for its franchise.WeaknessesMcDonalds venture into pizza making failed badly affecting their ability to compete with fast food pizza chains.They have yet to capitalize on the trend towards organic foods.McDonalds have problems with fluctuations in operating and net profits which ultimately impact investor relations.From the survey of franchisee the problem they have to face is that they cannot use their owned property to run a franchise if it nota site of interest to McDonalds. In that case they have to bear an additional sum for renting place offered by McDonalds.OpportunitiesThe current UK generation is more attracted towards healty or low calorie food thus McDonalds has a very good chance introduce healthy or low calorie hamburgers.Provide optional allergen free food items, such as gluten free and earthnut free.It has a great scope in introduce hot beverages along with healthy breakfast option helping it comp ete with coffee shops and other fast food restaurants.ThreatsTheir marketing to children often attracts criticism from parent advocate groups questioning their ethics.In Britain, McDonalds has infamously registered itself in to the record books for fighting the longest-ever libel suit in the country (mcspotlight.org, 2010).High food safety standards need to be maintained even a small contamination issue can land them in trouble.The other threats are from major international fast food restaurant chains like KFC, Burger King and Subway etc.Apart from the big names it faces potential threat from the local fried chicken chains.In order to decide on investing in the franchise a VRIO analysis of McDonald is done in the next section to test the sustainability of the venture.VRIO Analysis for McDonald franchise in UKVRIO stands for Value, rarity, Imitability and organisational endorse where Value is the firm ability to neutralise external threats using resources and capabilities. Rarity is suppress if resources in the hands of few while imitability is the hard-foughty to imitate in any way.Value Mc Donald hold a high value in accordance to its brand image and exploitation of the available resources which had helped it evolved successfully for more than five decades.Rarity The utility of the resource may be franchise oriented and spread through its breadth but the main control still remains in the hands of the top 50 management authorities. The franchisee has to follow the company rules strict to run a franchise of McDonalds.Imitability McDonald may not be difficult to imitate in aspect of the product but its functionality is very difficult to achieve.Organisation support McDonalds is always ready to exploit new resource and evolve and the organisation structure is well organised and provides a good support to its franchise operations.ValueRarityImitabilityOrganizationCompetitive implicationsNetwork infrastructureYesYesNoYesTemporary competitive advantageDiversified revenue baseYesYesNoYesTemporary competitive advantageLeading market positionYesYesYesYesSustained competitive advantageThe VRIO framework of McDonaldsLooking at the above VRIO frame it can be said that McDonald has a sustainable competitive advantage and thus it seem to be vice decision to invest in the project.ConclusionThe report deals with the franchise operation of McDonald and UK was selected as the location for the franchise. UK was selected on basis of the brand image and success of the franchise network of McDonalds. It has a very good customer base in UK which are very loyal as well. McDonald has good organisational support to its franchise in terms of training and publicity. It also operates a alter recruitment drive which helps the franchise to get desired employees without having a headache to hunt for them. The SWOT analysis reveals a large number of strengths as well good opportunities to work on thus large scope to increase profitability. The VRIO analysis also ind icates a competitive sustainability thus it is recommended to invest in the project.

Shape Memory Alloys Research

Shape retentivity Alloys Research1.1 General considerationsWhen a fixing metallic alloy is subjected to an external force greater than its elastic limit, it deforms plastically, i.e. the deformation persists after returning to the unloaded earth. The Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) do not note this behavior. At low temperatures, an SMA specimen may down the stairsgo a plastic deformation of about few percent, and then fully recover its initial exploit that had at higher temperature by simple heating above a threshold temperature. Their ability to recover their form when the temperature is raised, makes this class of materials unique. This phenomenon has been discovered in 1938 by researchers working on the gold-cadmium alloys Gilbertson (1994). The spirt retentivity accomplishment remained a laboratory curiosity until 1963, when the first industrial and medical applications appe ard.1.2 Martensitic TransformationThe learn reminiscence effect is based on the existence of a rever sible manakin innovation of thermoelastic martensitic type Kurdjumov, Khandros (1949), Kumar, Lagoudas (2008), between a microstructural state at high temperature (austenite flesh) and a microstructural state at low temperature (martensite phase) Patoor et al. (2006), Lagoudas et al. (2006). Austenite has in general a cubic crystal lattice, while martensite is of tetragonal, monoclinic, or orthorhombic crystal lattice. The displacement from one crystal lattice to the separate occurs by distortion of the shear lattice does and not by atoms diffusion. This type of transformation is called martensitic transformation Perkins (1975), Funakubo (1987), Otsuka, Wayman (1999). In reality, the matrenitic transformation in SMAs is a phase transformation of the first array, where there is co-existence of several phases, and there is presence of interfaces between the phases Gunin (1986).Historically, the term martensitic transformation describes the transformation of the austenite of stee ls (iron-carbon alloys) to martensite during a quenching. By extension, this term has been generalized to a humongous number of alloys whose phase transformations have certain characteristics typical of the transformation of steels Rosa (2013).During martensitic transformation of a SMA, the crystal lattice of the material sorts its watch. The microstructure of martensite is characterized by a change in shape and by the difference in volume, which exists between matrensitic and austenitic phase Duerig et al. (1990). Therefore, internal strains arise during the emergence of martensitic argonas within the austenite. The internal strains evoke be part relaxed by the formation of several areas of self-accommodated martensite crystals that minimize the overall deformation induced. These areas called variants and are oriented in different crystallographic directions Kumar (2008).In the absence of external strains, these variants are as possible and the distribution of self-accommodat ed groups allows the material to be transformed in order to retain its original shape. Therefore, the formation of the martensite results in elastic (reversible) deformations Funakubo (1987). At constant quantity temperature, the martensite-austenite interfaces are in steady state. A change in temperature in one direction or the other results in moving these interfaces to the benefit of one or the other phase structure. The interfaces can also move under the action of an imposed strain. A specimen can therefore be distorted not by sliding, which is the usual mechanism of plastic deformation, but by the appearance and disappearance of martensite variants Kumar (2008).Therefore, during martensitic transformation atoms in the structure move on very excellent distances leading to deformation of the crystal lattice. This causes a small variation in volume with shearing of the structure in a specific direction. During the transformation process, the offset of martensite crystals occur i n form of platelets to minimize the energy at the interface.The martensitic variants can occur in two different types twinned martensite (formed by combination of self-accommodated martensite variants) and detwinned martensite (reoriented martensite) where a particular variant dominates Liu, Xie (2007). The characteristic behavior of SMAs is based upon the reversible phase transformation from austenitic phase to martensitic phase and the opposite. By cooling under adjust loading, the crystal sructure changes from austenitic to martensitic phase (forward transformation to twinned martensitic phase). This transformation is resulting in the development of a number of martensitic variants, which are arranged in a route that the average change in macroscopic shape is insignificant, causing a twinned martensite Leclercq, Lexcellent (1996). When the material is heated at the martensite phase, the crystal structure is transforming to austenite (reverse transformation from detwinned marten sitic to austenitic phase), leading to retrieval of shape Saburi, Nenno (1981), Shimizu, Otsuka, Perkins (1975). The above process is called Shape Memory Effect (SME) Schetky (1979), Wayman, Harrison (1989).The martensitic transformation is characterized by four temperatures ( puzzle out 2) Gotthard, Lehnert (2001)MS Temperature infra which the martensite appears (martensite start)MF Temperature below which the entire sample is transformed into martensite (martensite finish)AS Temperature above which the austenite appears (austenite start)AF Temperature above which the entire sample is transformed into austenite (austenite finish)The transformation begins at the cooling to the temperature MS. This transformation is completed to the temperature MF. among these two temperatures, there is coexistence of two phases, which is a characteristic of transformation of the first order. If the cooling is interrupted, the material will not change. To go back to the initial shape, the temperatu re is increases so that the inverse transformation begins at the temperature AS and finishes to temperature AF, which is higher than MS Massalski et al. (1990). If the trace on a diagram ( get into 1) the volume fraction of material processed as a function of temperature, there is a hysteresis loop, due to the presence of an irreversible energy corresponding to dissipation of mechanical energy transformed into heat Ortin, Planes, Delaey (2006), Wei,Yang (1988).Figure 1 Martensitic transformation temperatures Gotthard, Lehnert (2001)The thermoelastic reversibility of the crystal lattice is certain in the case of an ordered alloy Otsuka, Shimizu (1977). The correlation between the manifestation of martensitic transformation and atomic order was shown experimentally in Fe-Pt SMAs Dunne, Wayman (1973). Nevertheless, in disordered alloys, such as Fe-Pd, Mn-Cu and In-TI, can occur thermoelastic transformation too. The atomic order is, therefore, a sufficient condition for manifestation o f thermoelastic transformation, but not necessary Otsuka, Shimizu (1977).1.3 Thermomechanical properties of SMAsSeveral set up specific to the SMAs appear through the transformations of the crystal lattice as a function of temperature and of the field of stresses utilise on the material Duerig, Melton, Stckel (2013).1.3.1 Pseudoelastic EffectIn general, by pseudoelasticity we describe both the materials superelastic behavior, as wellhead as rubble-like behavior. Superelastic behavior is called the reversible phase transformation produced by thermo-mechanical loading. Rubber-like effect refers to the reversible martensitic re-orientation. The stress-strain curve during this process resamples to the superelastic behavior, which is similar to rubbers nonlinear elastic behavior Otsuka, Wayman (1999).Therefore, a part from inducing phase transformation thermally, martensitic transformation can also be prompt by applying on the material appropriately high mechanical loading, resulting in creating a martensitic phase from austenite. When the temperature of the SMA goes above AF, shape recovery is resulted while unloading. Such behavior of the material is termed pseudoelastic effect Kumar (2008).Stress-induced martensite, is generally forming from austenite when external stress is present. The process of forming stress-induced martensite can occur through different thermomechanical loading routes Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986). superstar form of stress-induced martensite is the detwinned martensitic phase formed from austenitic after application of external stress. The material, during the stress-induced martensitic transformation and the reversed process, shows nonlinear elastic behavior described by unkindly - curves. This nonlinear elastic behavior is called pseudoelastic transformation Otsuka, K. and K. Shimizu (1981). The shape recovery is due to crystallographic reversibility of transformation, like in the shape repositing effect. Hence, the two phenomena, trans formation pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect are practically the same except the fact that reverse transformation is produced by warming the specimen to temperature above AF. In reality, an alloy that undergoes thermoelastic martensitic transformation exhibits both transformation pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect Otsuka, K. and K. Shimizu (1981).Nevertheless, for occurring transformation pseudoelasticity, the necessary stress for slip should be greater than that for stress-induced martensite transformation. As an example, we can refer to equiatomic Ti-Ni alloys which are exposed to slip and do not exhibit any transformation pseudoelasticity, regardless of their Ni content. It was shown, however, that Ni-rich Ti-Ni alloys subjected to annealing after cold working, causing refining of their particle size, leads in raising critical slip stress, which results in any transformation pseudoelasticity Miyazaki et al. (1982), Saburi, Tatsumi, Nenno (1982), Saburi, Yoshida, Nenn o (1984). The existence of transformation pseudoelasticity is affected by crystalline orientation, root of the alloy, and direction of utilise stresses Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986).1.3.2 One-Way Shape Memory EffectAnother property of SMAs is the one-way shape memory effect. It takes place in four steps(1) The material is cooled to a temperature lower than MF (the parent austenitic phase) to obtain self-accommodated martensite.(2) Re-orientation of variants of the martensite is obtained via application of stress.(3) The stress is released at constant temperature T F. The material remains to a shape depending on the stress field.(4) The sample is heated at a temperature T AF making re-appear the austenitic phase and the material gets its original shape, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2 One-way shape memory effect Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986)Two conditions are necessary for occurring shape recovery by shape memory effect. Firstly, the transformation should be reversible, and second, slip should not occur during the entire deformation process. Martensitic transformations in ordered alloys are reversible in nature Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986), Arbuzova, Khandros (1964), so the entire shape memory effect mainly occurs in this type of alloys. The second condition is necessary because in the case of high stress and every type of deformation climate (stress-induced martensitic transformation in parent phase, twinning in the martensitic phase) slip can be induced, resulting in plastic strain and, not completed recovery of shape.In the one-way shape memory effect, the shape in memory by the SMA is the one of the parent phase.1.3.3 Two-Way Shape Memory EffectThe two-part shape memory effect is the reversible passage of a shape at a high temperature to another shape at low temperature under stress.The two-way shape memory effect should precede the SMA knowledge Nagasawa, et al. (1974. Training of SMAs consists of temperature cycling at constant stress or stress cycling at constant tem perature. During training, microstructural defects (i.e. dislocations) lead to internal stresses and therefore promote oriented martensite. A SMA subjected to training can then move from austenitic phase to oriented martensite under set load by simple change of temperature Schroeder, Wayman (1977). It has then a shape in memory for each of the two phases.Various methods that cause two-way shape memory effect have been suggested, such as, large deformation in stress-induced martensite transformation at temperatures MS Delaey et al. (1974), shape memory effect training Schroeder, Wayman (1977), stress-induced martensite training Schroeder, Wayman (1977), training involving both of shape memory effect as well as stress-induced martensite Perkins, Sponholz (1984) remaining in martensite state while heating at a temperature AF Takezawa, Shindo, Sato (1976), as well as using precipitates Tadaki, Otsuka, Shimizu (1988).1.4 Transformation Induced plasticity (TRIP)Several experimental stu dies have shown the development of nonlinear plastic (irreversible) strain when phase transformations occur Greenwood, Johnson (1965), Abrassart (1972), Magee (1966), Desalos (1981), Olson, Cohen (1986), Denis et al. (1982). This mechanism of deformation is termed Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP), resulting from internal stress rising from the change in volume related to the transformation, as well as from the associated change in shape Marketz, Fischer (1994). TRIP differs from classical plasticity. Although plasticity is caused from the applied stress or variation in temperature, TRIP is triggered by phase variations, and occurs even at low and constant stress levels Gautier et al. (1989), Leblond et al. (1989), Gautier (1998), Tanaka, Sato (1985), Fischer et al. (2000, 1996). TRIP takes place because of two separate mechanisms. The first, refers to a process of accommodation of micro-plasticity related to volume change Greenwood, Johnson (1965). The other, refers to an or ientation caused by shear internal stresses, favoring the direction of preferred orientation for the formation of martensite when and external stress is present, which involves change in shape Magee (1966). TRIP is caused by the difference in compactness of the lattice structure between the austenite (parent) and the martensite (product) phase Greenwood, Johnson (1965). 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Critique of the National Cirriculum in Britain :: Education Policy

Critique in a policy documentDuring this essay I am going to look at one atomic number 18a of our educational system and discuss in detail the features of this policy. I have chosen to look at, in detail the depicted object platform, which was progressively introduced into the Britain in 1989. I privation to get an insight into the way the National Curriculum has changed and the ways in which it now gives pupils an extra advantage at getting the best out of their education. The National Curriculum delivers the information pupils need to know in a balanced and manageable way, but at the same time it is hard enough to quarrel them. I am going to also look at Japan?s Educational policy and see what advantages they give to pupil?s, I depart then compare the two policies. The National Curriculum is split up into stages, these stages are determined by age groups, key stage 1 ranges from ages 5-7 which is the yr group 1 and 2, then there is key stage 2 which ranges in ages 7-11 this is year groups 3-6. Key stages 3 and 4 are secondary stages, so at key stage 3 the pupils are 11-14. At the final stage of the pupils development through the National Curriculum, key stage 5 they are 14-16, at this stage they get more choice in which areas of the curriculum they want to continue in. However some subjects which are part of the National Curriculum such as, english, maths and science are compulsory. At each stage expectations are set as to pupils performance levels. Targets are laid out for programmes of moot for pupils. The national curriculum helps the school create a working relationship, not only with the pupils but also with the parents. The curriculum is a way to create umteen more opportunities for all levels of achievement. It can help with building on certain strengths in a pupils ability. When we consider the different structures to which the curriculum can take on we must look at the way in which the information set out through the curriculum is put across to the pupils through content and organization. David Scott a Professor of Educational Leadership and Learning at the University of Lincoln?s International Institute for Educational Leadership. He is an expert in curriculum studies, David Scott identifies and depicts six-spot curriculum ideologies. These are Foundationalism, Conventionalism, Instrumentalism, Technical Rationality, Critical Pedagogy and Post-modernism.

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens :: Great Expectations Essays

Great Expectations by Charles DickensCoursework Question In the extract where dapple, a boy from a veryhumble punctuate meets Miss Havisham, a rich but eccentric ladydickens wants the reader to feel sympathetic towards Pip. How does hemake us feel this carriage?In this assignment, I will analyse, discuss and comment on thetechniques Charles Dickens (Dickens) uses as a writer to chance upon sympathyfor the main character Pip. I will look closely at mark offting, language,characterisation, the opening and closing of the extract. I will alsoquote ideas and phrases from the text to help me analyse and explain.Pip, the main character, is a lonely orphaned child. He lives with his child and her husband the blacksmith. We know that Pips family ispoor because they live of a blacksmith wages, not very much. The novelis set in the Victorian era where social status played a major role indaily life we discover this in the novel. Pips sister brought him up byhand and finds he is a burden on her. Dickens chose to make the maincharacter, Pip, lonely and poor to gain our sympathy.This novel is written in the voice first person, as if it were Pip verbalise the story. Dickens wrote this novel from Pips point of view.Pip is telling us the story when he is much older, as if he werethinking back to when he was a child. The fact that Dickens chose tomake Pip, the main character, the bank clerk instead of anothercharacter creates a bond between Pip and us, the readers.In this extract Pip is sent by Mr Pumblechook, a distant relative, tosee Miss Havisham (Havisham). Mr Pumblechook is not of higher class,but mingles well with them. Mr Pumblechook believes Havisham willtake to Pip like she took to Estella, which would secure Pips future.Although another reason is that Pips sister finds he is a burden onher and wouldnt mind getting rid of him. Pip is warned to behave, asHavisham is of higher social class and his sister doesnt want him toruin his chances.When Pip enters Havishams h ouse we have hope for Pip that Havishamwill take to him like she did to Estella. Havisham, as she is ofhigher, lives in a much lavish house than Pip. Dickens uses thesetting to gain sympathy and to keep us interested.Pip enters a large room, he very observant. For example he mentions,pretty large room, well lighted with wax candles. The descriptioncreates a mental image in our minds of where he is, immediately we